Toni Morrison

Toni Morrison
Biografske informacije
Rođenje18. 2. 1931. (1931-02-18) (dob: 93)
Lorain, Ohio, SAD
Obrazovanje
Zanimanjespisateljica romana, urednica
Opus
Književne vrsteAfroamerička književnost
Inspiracija
Od
  • James Baldwin, William Faulkner, Doris Lessing, Herman Melville
Na
  • bell hooks , Octavia Butler

Toni Morison (rođ. 18. februara, 1931 - 2019.) jedna je od najznačajnijih književnika današnjice. Dobila Nobelovu nagradu 1993. za sabrana dela. Laureat je Pulicerove nagrade. Dela joj odišu epskim temama, živim dijalozima, izuzetno detaljnim crtama afroameričkih likova. Poslednjih godina je objavila seriju dečjih knjiga sa sinom Slejd Morisonom.

Rane godine

Rođena je kao engl. Chloe Anthony Wofford u Lorejnu, Ohajo. Drugo je od četvoro dece, iz radničke porodice. Kao dete stalno je čitala (među omiljenim piscima su joj bili Džejn Ostin i Lav Tolstoj). Njen otac, Džordž Voford, varilac po zanimanju, često bi joj govorio afroameričke narodne priče (metod pripovedanja koji će kasnije prožeti njena dela).

1949. Morison je upisala Univerzitet u Hauardu i studirala društvene nauke. Pod izgovorom da se Kloi teško izgovara, menja ime u Toni. Postala je master engleskog jezika 1955. a Univerzitet u Oksfordu dodelio joj je titulu počasnog doktora 2005.

Promovisanje afroameričke književnosti

1958. udaje se za Harolda Morisona, rađa dvoje dece ali se i razvodi 1964. Posle razvoda seli se u Njujork, gde radi kao urednik. 18 meseci kasnije postaje jedan od urednika njujorškog sedišta poznate izdavačke kuće Random House.

Kao urednik, igrala je važnu ulogu u približavanju afroameričke književnosti ka mejnstrimu. Uređivala je između ostalih i knjige Toni Kejd Bambara i Gejl Džonsa. Morison je bila profesor društvenih nauka na Univerzitetu u Prinstonu, od 1989. Taj radni odnos je prekinula 2006.

Trenutno radi za američki periodični magazin "Nacija" (The Nation)

Politika

Izazvala je bezmalo skandal nazvavši Bil Klintona "prvim predsednikom crncem" dodavši kako "Klinton ispoljava gotovo svaku crtu "afroamerikanstva": odrastao uz samohranog roditelja, rođen siromašan, radničke klase, svira saksofon, dečko iz Arkanzasa koji obožava Mek Donalds i brzu hranu."

Dela

Romani

  • Ljubav (2003)
  • Raj (1999)
  • Džez (1992)
  • Voljena (1987)
  • Tar Baby (1981)
  • Solomonova Pesma (1977)
  • Sula (1973)
  • The Bluest Eye (1970)

Dečje knjige (sa sinom Slejdom)

  • Who's Got Game?: The Mirror or the Glass? (2007)
  • Who's Got Game?: Poppy or the Snake?, (2004)
  • Who's Got Game?: The Ant or the Grasshopper, (2003)
  • Who's Got Game?: The Lion or the Mouse?, (2003)
  • The Book of Mean People, (2002)
  • The Big Box, (2002)

Kratke priče

  • "Recitatif" (1983)

Drame

  • Dreaming Emmett (izvedena 1986.)

Libreto

  • Margaret Garner (prvo izvođenje maja 2005.)

Članci

  • "This Amazing, Troubling Book" (An analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain)

Filmovi

  • Documentary: "Toni Morison In Black and White: volume 3" distributed by California Newsreel

Spoljašne veze

  • Literary Encyclopedia biography
  • Voices from the Gaps biography
  • The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993
  • 1987. intervju sa Toni Morison napravio Don Swaim of CBS Radio, 31 min 2 s, RealAudio
  • Toni Morrison biography and video interview excerpts by The National Visionary Leadership Project Arhivirano 2006-05-09 na Wayback Machine-u
Toni Morrison na Wikimedijinoj ostavi
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1901. – 1925.

1901. Sully Prudhomme   1902. Theodor Mommsen   1903. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson   1904. Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray y Eizaguirre   1905. Henryk Sienkiewicz   1906. Giosuè Carducci   1907. Rudyard Kipling   1908. Rudolf Eucken   1909. Selma Lagerlöf   1910. Paul von Heyse   1911. Maurice Maeterlinck   1912. Gerhart Hauptmann   1913. Rabindranath Tagore   1915. Romain Rolland   1916. Verner von Heidenstam   1917. Karl Adolph Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan   1919. Carl Spitteler   1920. Knut Hamsun   1921. Anatole France   1922. Jacinto Benavente   1923. William Butler Yeats   1924. Władysław Reymont   1925. George Bernard Shaw

1926. – 1950.

1926. Grazia Deledda   1927. Henri Bergson   1928. Sigrid Undset   1929. Thomas Mann   1930. Sinclair Lewis   1931. Erik Axel Karlfeldt   1932. John Galsworthy   1933. Ivan Bunjin   1934. Luigi Pirandello   1936. Eugene O'Neill   1937. Roger Martin du Gard   1938. Pearl S. Buck   1939. Frans Eemil Sillanpää   1944. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen   1945. Gabriela Mistral   1946. Hermann Hesse   1947. André Gide   1948. Thomas Stearns Eliot   1949. William Faulkner   1950. Bertrand Russell

1951. – 1975.

1951. Pär Lagerkvist   1952. François Mauriac   1953. Winston Churchill   1954. Ernest Hemingway   1955. Halldór Laxness   1956. Juan Ramón Jiménez   1957. Albert Camus   1958. Boris Pasternak1   1959. Salvatore Quasimodo   1960. Saint-John Perse   1961. Ivo Andrić   1962. John Steinbeck   1963. Jorgos Seferis   1964. Jean-Paul Sartre2   1965. Mihail Šolohov   1966. Šmuel Josef Agnon / Nelly Sachs   1967. Miguel Ángel Asturias   1968. Yasunari Kawabata   1969. Samuel Beckett   1970. Aleksandar Solženjicin   1971. Pablo Neruda   1972. Heinrich Böll   1973. Patrick White   1974. Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson   1975. Eugenio Montale

1976. – 2000.

1976. Saul Bellow   1977. Vicente Aleixandre   1978. Isaac Bashevis Singer   1979. Odiseas Elitis   1980. Czesław Miłosz   1981. Elias Canetti   1982. Gabriel García Márquez   1983. William Golding   1984. Jaroslav Seifert   1985. Claude Simon   1986. Wole Soyinka   1987. Joseph Brodsky   1988. Naguib Mahfouz   1989. Camilo José Cela   1990. Octavio Paz   1991. Nadine Gordimer   1992. Derek Walcott   1993. Toni Morrison   1994. Kenzaburō Ōe   1995. Seamus Heaney   1996. Wisława Szymborska   1997. Dario Fo   1998. José Saramago   1999. Günter Grass   2000. Gao Xingjian

2001. – 2024.

2001. Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul   2002. Imre Kertész   2003. J. M. Coetzee   2004. Elfriede Jelinek   2005. Harold Pinter   2006. Orhan Pamuk   2007. Doris Lessing   2008. Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio   2009. Herta Müller   2010. Mario Vargas Llosa   2011. Tomas Tranströmer   2012. Mo Yan   2013. Alice Munro   2014. Patrick Modiano   2015. Svetlana Aleksijevič   2016. Bob Dylan   2017. Kazuo Ishiguro   2018. Olga Tokarczuk3   2019. Peter Handke   2020. Louise Glück   2021. Abdulrazak Gurnah   2022. Annie Ernaux   2023. Jon Fosse

1 Pasternak je odbio nagradu zbog pritiska tadašnjeg komunističkog režima.   2 Sartre je odbio nagradu iz moralnih razloga i zato jer se nije želio vezati uz institucije.   3 Nagrada je retroaktivno uručena 2019. godine.
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1918–1925
1926–1950
  • Arrowsmith; autor: Sinclair Lewis (odbio) (1926)
  • Early Autumn; autor: Louis Bromfield (1927)
  • The Bridge of San Luis Rey; autor: Thornton Wilder (1928)
  • Scarlet Sister Mary; autor: Julia Peterkin (1929)
  • Laughing Boy; autor: Oliver La Farge (1930)
  • Years of Grace; autor: Margaret Ayer Barnes (1931)
  • The Good Earth; autor: Pearl S. Buck (1932)
  • The Store; autor: Thomas Sigismund Stribling (1933)
  • Lamb in His Bosom; autor: Caroline Pafford Miller (1934)
  • Now in November; autor: Josephine Winslow Johnson (1935)
  • Honey in the Horn; autor: Harold L. Davis (1936)
  • Gone with the Wind; autor: Margaret Mitchell (1937)
  • The Late George Apley; autor: John Phillips Marquand (1938)
  • The Yearling; autor: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1939)
  • The Grapes of Wrath; autor: John Steinbeck (1940)
  • In This Our Life; autor: Ellen Glasgow (1942)
  • Dragon's Teeth; autor: Upton Sinclair (1943)
  • Journey in the Dark; autor: Martin Flavin (1944)
  • A Bell for Adano; autor: John Hersey (1945)
  • All the King's Men; autor: Robert Penn Warren (1947)
  • Tales of the South Pacific; autor: James A. Michener (1948)
  • Guard of Honor; autor: James Gould Cozzens (1949)
  • The Way West; autor: A. B. Guthrie, Jr. (1950)
1951–1975
  • The Town; autor: Conrad Richter (1951)
  • The Caine Mutiny; autor: Herman Wouk (1952)
  • The Old Man and the Sea; autor: Ernest Hemingway (1953)
  • A Fable; autor: William Faulkner (1955)
  • Andersonville; autor: MacKinlay Kantor (1956)
  • A Death in the Family; autor: James Agee (1958)
  • The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters; autor: Robert Lewis Taylor (1959)
  • Advise and Consent; autor: Allen Drury (1960)
  • To Kill a Mockingbird; autor: Harper Lee (1961)
  • The Edge of Sadness; autor: Edwin O'Connor (1962)
  • The Reivers; autor: William Faulkner (1963)
  • The Keepers of the House; autor: Shirley Ann Grau (1965)
  • The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter; autor: Katherine Anne Porter (1966)
  • The Fixer; autor: Bernard Malamud (1967)
  • The Confessions of Nat Turner; autor: William Styron (1968)
  • House Made of Dawn; autor: N. Scott Momaday (1969)
  • The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford; autor: Jean Stafford (1970)
  • Angle of Repose; autor: Wallace Stegner (1972)
  • The Optimist's Daughter; autor: Eudora Welty (1973)
  • The Killer Angels; autor: Michael Shaara (1975)
1976–2000
  • Humboldt's Gift; autor: Saul Bellow (1976)
  • Elbow Room; autor: James Alan McPherson (1978)
  • The Stories of John Cheever; autor: John Cheever (1979)
  • The Executioner's Song; autor: Norman Mailer (1980)
  • A Confederacy of Dunces; autor: John Kennedy Toole (1981)
  • Rabbit Is Rich; autor: John Updike (1982)
  • The Color Purple; autor: Alice Walker (1983)
  • Ironweed; autor: William Kennedy (1984)
  • Foreign Affairs; autor: Alison Lurie (1985)
  • Lonesome Dove; autor: Larry McMurtry (1986)
  • A Summons to Memphis; autor: Peter Taylor (1987)
  • Beloved; autor: Toni Morrison (1988)
  • Breathing Lessons; autor: Anne Tyler (1989)
  • The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love; autor: Oscar Hijuelos (1990)
  • Rabbit at Rest; autor: John Updike (1991)
  • A Thousand Acres; autor: Jane Smiley (1992)
  • A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain; autor: Robert Olen Butler (1993)
  • The Shipping News; autor: E. Annie Proulx (1994)
  • The Stone Diaries; autor: Carol Shields (1995)
  • Independence Day; autor: Richard Ford (1996)
  • Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer; autor: Steven Millhauser (1997)
  • American Pastoral; autor: Philip Roth (1998)
  • The Hours; autor: Michael Cunningham (1999)
  • Interpreter of Maladies; autor: Jhumpa Lahiri (2000)
2001–2025
  • The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay; autor: Michael Chabon (2001)
  • Empire Falls; autor: Richard Russo (2002)
  • Middlesex; autor: Jeffrey Eugenides (2003)
  • The Known World by Edward P. Jones (2004)
  • Gilead; autor: Marilynne Robinson (2005)
  • March; autor: Geraldine Brooks (2006)
  • The Road; autor: Cormac McCarthy (2007)
  • The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao; autor: Junot Díaz (2008)
  • Olive Kitteridge; autor: Elizabeth Strout (2009)
  • Tinkers; autor: Paul Harding (2010)
  • A Visit from the Goon Squad; autor: Jennifer Egan (2011)
  • nije dodijeljena (2012)
  • The Orphan Master's Son; autor: Adam Johnson (2013)
  • The Goldfinch; autor: Donna Tartt (2014)
  • All the Light We Cannot See; autor: Anthony Doerr (2015)
  • The Sympathizer; autor: Viet Thanh Nguyen (2016)
  • The Underground Railroad; autor: Colson Whitehead (2017)
  • Less; autor: Andrew Sean Greer (2018)
  • Potpuna lista
  • (1918–1925)
  • (1926–1950)
  • (1951–1975)
  • (1976–2000)
  • (2001–2025)
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