Perzijski jezik

Morfologija

Sufiksi preovlađuju persijskom morfologijom, a broj prefiksa je mali. Glagoli mogu izražavati vreme i vid i kongruiraju sa subjektom u licu i broju. U persijskom jeziku nema rodova pa zamenice nisu označene rodovima.

Sintaksa

Uobičajene izjavne rečenice imaju oblik "(S)(PO)(O)G“. Ovo znači da rečenice uključuju mogući subjekat, prilošku odredbu i objekat ispred obaveznog glagola. Ako je objekat specifičan onda je praćen rečju „rā” (rā) i ide ispred priloške odredbe: "(S)(O+rā)(PO)G“.

Glagoli

-ati, -anti, pehlevijski glagolski koreni

biti, pers. budan – konjugacija:

 književni govorni sam, jesam   pers. hastam  hasam 
si,  jesi    pers. hasti   hasi 
je           pers. hast ili ast -e 
smo, jesmo   pers. hastim  hasim 
ste, jeste   pers. hastid  hasid 
su,  jesu    pers. hastand hasand 

• dati, pers. dadan, prezentska osnova: deh < srednjopers. prezentska osnova dad < staropers. prezentska osnova data-, imenica: dade
• derati, pers. daridan, prezentska osnova: dar
• čamiti, pers. čamidan, prezentska osnova: čam
• goriti, pers. goridan ili gor gereftan, prezentska osnova: gor, imenica gorre
• hteti, pers. hāstan – konjgacija:

hoć(u)   pers. xāh(am)  
hoć(eš)  pers. xāh(i) 
hoć(e)   pers. xāh(ad) 
hoć(emo) pers. xāh(im) 
hoć(ete) pers. xāh(id) 
hoć(e)   pers. xāh(and) 

• kušati, pokušati, pers. kušidan, prezentska osnova: kuš
• lajati, staropers. lāidan, prezentska osnova: lāj
• lizati, pers. lisidan, prezentska osnova: lis
• napisati, pisati, pers. neveštan ili nebeštan, prezentska osnova: nevis < pehlevijski pers. ni-pis < staropers. ni-piš prefiks: ni + koren: pais
• njušiti, novopers. njušidan, prezentska osnova: njuš < pers. prezentska osnova: niyōš- < pehlevijski staropers. prezentska osnova: niγōš < staropers. prezentska osnova: nigauš
• peći, staropers. pazidan, prezentska osnova: paz, < pehlevijski pers. glagolski koren pačati-
• pohovati, pers. pohtan (pazidan), prezentska osnova: paz, < pehlevijski pers. glagolski koren pačati-
• živeti, pers. zistan, prezentska osnova: zi < srednjopers. Ziwistan prezentska osnova: ziw < staropers. Žiwistan, prezentska osnova: živ

Imenice

• adrija, pers. daryā: more, srednjopers. drayab < staropers. drayah
• Bog, staropers. bağ < sanskrit bağ
• ban, avestijski pāna < pers. bān: sufiks koji znači čuvar
• brat, pers. baradar < srednjopers. brad(ar) < staropers. bratar
• jesen, pers. hazān
• kolač, pers. koluče (vrsta kolača)
• kuća, pers. kuče (kujče): malo naselje, staropers. kuša, kušan
• govedar, pers. gāvdār (gāv: govedo, krava + dār: prezentska osnova od infinitiva daštan imati, držati)
• mater, pers. i srednjopers. mādar < staropers. matar
• miš, pers. muš
• mozak, pers. magz < srednjopersijski mazg < staropersijski mazga-
• nov, pers. nov < srednjopers. nōg < staropers. nava-
• obrva, pers. abru (u množini: abrovān)
• pazuh, pers. bazu (nadlaktica)
• poljubac, pers. bus, buse
• stan, pers. –stān (sufiks za mesto): obitavalište, mesto, npr. Armanestān: zemlja Armena (Jermenija), Ozbakestān: zemlja Uzbeka (Uzbekistan)
• uši, pers. guš < srednjopers. goš < staropers. Guša
• vetar, pers. bād < srednjopers. vāt < staropers. vāta
• žena, pers. i srednjopers. zan < staropers. žan
• zima, pers. zemestān: zem + sufiks za mesto, lokaciju stān < sanskrit hima: sneg, hladnoća (himalaji: stan snega, tamo gde sneg obitava)

Brojevi

• dvesta, pers. dvist, devist
• jedan, pers. (jek)dāne (književni), jedāne ili jedune (govorni) : jedan, komad nečega

Predlozi

• iz (od), pers. az
• do, pers. tā

Pridevi

• tanak, pers. tang
• više, pers. biš
• znan, pers. šenās < avestijski žnatar
• baština, pers. bāstān

Sufiksi

• -ar, pers. kar ili gar: sufiks za zanimanje, kao u imenicama govedar, limar, itd. ili u persijskom gāvdār, lahimkār ili lahimgar itd.

Upitne zamenice

• šta, pers. če ili či, npr. šta je? pers. (govorni) či-je?
• ko, pers. ki, npr. ko je? pers. (govorni) ki-je?

Upitni prilog

• kuda, pers. kođā (kodja)

Mesni prilozi

• onde, pers. ānđā (onđā) ili āndjā (ondjā)
• ovde, staropers. avadā

1. ↑ Asta Olesen, "Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Volume 3", Psychology Press. (1995). str. 205.: "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Fārsi – previously dominant at the educational and administrative level – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Persian came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958"
2. ↑ Baker 2001: str. 518
3. ↑ ^{3,0 3,1} Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4. str. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
4. ↑ Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. str. 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi language was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
5. ↑ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). Encyclopedia Iranica, "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."
6. ↑ ^{6,0 6,1} Davis 2006: str. 602–603
7. ↑ „Persian or Farsi?”. parents.berkeley.edu. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 04. 01. 2017. Pristupljeno 27. 2. 2016. 
8. ↑ "Modernity and Modernism in Persophone Literary History", Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
9. ↑ ^{9,0 9,1} Encyclopædia Britannica: Persian literature, retrieved September 2011.
10. ↑ Holes 2001: str. XXX
11. ↑ ^{11,0 11,1} Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press. 1971. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}]] Uneseni ISBN nije važeći.. pp.
12. ↑ Namazi, Nushin (2008). „Persian Loan Words in Arabic”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 20. 05. 2011. Pristupljeno 1. 6. 2009. 
13. ↑ Classe 2000: str. 1057
14. ↑ Ann K. S. Lambton, Persian grammar, Cambridge University Press 1953. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".
15. ↑ Most similar languages to Persian, ezglot.com
16. ↑ Windfuhr 1987: str. 523–546 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWindfuhr1987 (help)

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