Abdus Salam

Abdus Salam
محمد عبد السلام

Rođenje 29. siječnja 1926.
Pakistan Jhang, Pakistan
(tada Britanski Raj)
Smrt 21. studenog 1996.
Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Oxford, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo
Narodnost Pakistanac
Polje fizika
Akademski mentor Nicholas Kemmer
Istaknuti studenti Riazuddin
Walter Gilbert
et al.
Poznat po Elektroslaba teorija
Pati-Salamov model
Velika ujedinjena teorija
et al.
Istaknute nagrade Hughesova medalja (1964)
Nobelova nagrada za fiziku (1979)
Copleyjeva medalja (1990)
et al.

Mohammad Abdus Salam[1][2] (urdu: محمد عبد السلام; izgovor [əbd̪ʊs səlɑm]; Jhang, 29. siječnja 1926. – Oxford, 21. studenog 1996.) je bio pakistanski teorijski fizičar, najpoznatiji po tome što je 1979. godine podijelio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku s američkim naučnicima Sheldonom Glashowom i Stevenom Weinbergom za svoj rad na teoriji elektroslabe sile.[3] Kada mu je uručena nagrada, Salam je postao prvi Pakistanac i prvi musliman koji je dobio Nobelovu nagradu, a danas je, uz Anwara Sadata, tek drugi musliman s tom nagradom.[4]

Rođen je 1926. godine u tadašnjem Britanskom Raju, a nakon školovanja u Ujedinjenom Kraljevtvu, od 1960. do 1974. godine je bio jedan od glavnih vladinih savjetnika za nauku. Na toj je funkciji Salam igrao važnu i utjecajnu ulogu u razvitku pakistanske naučne infrastrukture.[4][5] Osim što je na globalnoj razini dao trajan doprinos teorijskoj i fizici elementarnih čestica, Salam je zaslužan za promociju i razvoj naučnih istraživanja visokog kalibra u svojoj matičnoj zemlji.[5] Bio je osnivač i prvi voditelj Istraživačke komisije za svemir i gornju atmosferu (SUPARCO) te glavni odgovorni za osnivanje Grupe za teorijsku fiziku pri Pakistanskoj komisiji za atomsku energiju (PAEC).[6] Kao naučni savjetnik, Salam je imao integralnu ulogu u pakistanskom programu iskorištavanja nuklearne energije u civilne svrhe, dok njegova uloga u pakistanskom programu razvoja atomske bombe iz 1972. godine ostaje ambivalentna[7] – s jedne strane je, u početnom razdoblju, bio snažan zagovornik tog oružja, samo da bi kasnije povukao podršku, ali je zadržao veze s čelnim ljudima koji su sudjelovali u samom projektu. U svakom slučaju, Salama se danas smatra "naučnim ocem"[2] pakistanskog nuklearnog programa.[8][9][10] Godine 1974. je napustio zemlju u znak protesta zbog odluke pakistanskog parlamenta da se pokret Ahmadiyya, kojemu je Salam pripadao, proglasi neislamskim. Godine 1998., nakon uspješnih nuklearnih testiranja, Pakistan je izdao komemorativnu poštansku markicu sa Salamovim likom, koja je bila dio serije "Pakistanski naučnici".[11]

Što se njegova naučnog rada tiče, najznačajniji doprinosi su mu Pati-Salamov model, magnetizirani foton, vektorski mezon, velika ujedinjena teorija, rad na supersimetriji i, naravno, elektroslaba teorija, koja mu je 1979. godine donijela Nobela.[3] Svoj doprinos dao je i kvantnoj teoriji polja, ali i razvoju Katedre za matematiku pri Carskom koledžu u Londonu. Zajedno sa svojim studentom, Riazuddinom, Salam je ostavio traga na modernoj teoriji o neutrinima, neutronskim zvijezdama i crnim rupama, a značajan je bio i njegov rad na modernizaciji kvantne mehanike i kvantne teorije polja. Kao predavač i promotor znanosti, Salam je poznat kao otac matematičke i teorijske fizike u Pakistanu, što je realizirao dok je bio glavni naučni savjetnik pakistanskog predsjednika.[5][12]

Umro je 1996. godine u Oxfordu od posljedica od rijetkog neurološkog poremećaja znanog kao Steele-Richardson-Olszewskijev sindrom.[13] Znanosti je doprinosio gotovo do svoje smrti,[14] a nakon iste, njegovo je tijelo konačno vraćeno u matičnu zemlju, gdje mu je počast na sprovodu odalo gotovo 30,000 ljudi.

Reference

  1. ↑ Fraser, Gordon (2008). Cosmic Anger. Oxford University Press. str. 249. ISBN 978-0-19-920846-3.  Salam je 1974. godine svom imenu dodao "Mohammad", što je bio odgovor na dekrete usmjerene protiv pokreta Ahmadiyya; iz istog razloga je pustio bradu.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Rizvi, Murtaza (21 November 2011). „Salaam Abdus Salam”. The Dawn Newspapers. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 17 February 2012. »Mohammad Abdus Salam (1926–1996) was his full name, which may add to the knowledge of those who wish he was either not Ahmadi or Pakistani. He was the guiding spirit and founder of Pakistan's atomic bomb programme, as well as Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO).« 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 „1979 Nobel Prize in Physics”. Nobel Prize. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-07-07. Pristupljeno 2016-11-20. 
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 (Ghani 1982, pp. i–xi)
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Riazuddin (21 November 1998). „Physics in Pakistan”. ICTP. Pristupljeno 23 August 2016. 
  6. ↑ (Rahman 1998, pp. 75–76)
  7. ↑ Abbot, Sebastian (9 July 2012). „Pakistan shuns physicist linked to "God Particle"”. Yahoo! News, 9 July 2012. Yahoo! News Services: str. 1. Pristupljeno 9 July 2012. »In the 1960s and early 1970s, Salam wielded significant influence in Pakistan as the chief scientific adviser to the president, helping to set up the country's space agency and the institute for nuclear science and technology. Salam also assisted in the early stages of Pakistan's effort to build a nuclear bomb, which it eventually tested in 1998« 
  8. ↑ Our Correspondents. „Scientists asked to emulate Dr Salam's achievements”. 7 October 2004. Dawn News International, Archive 2004. Pristupljeno 22 January 2012. 
  9. ↑ (Rahman 1998, pp. 10–101)
  10. ↑ „Re-engineering Pakistan and Physics from Pakistan Conference:MQM Stays loyal with Pakistan Armed Forces”. Jang News Group. Jang Media Cell and MQM Science and Technology Wing. 2011. Pristupljeno 11 June 2011. »Professor Muhammad Abdus Salam and Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, and other prominent scientists, have made Pakistan, a nuclear power. All of these scientists were poor or Muhajir (migrants from India), says Altaf Hussain.« 
  11. ↑ Philately (21 November 1998). „Scientists of Pakistan”. Pakistan Post Office Department. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 20 February 2008. Pristupljeno 18 February 2008. 
  12. ↑ Abdus Salam, As I Know him: Riazuddin, NCP
  13. ↑ Browne, Malcolm W. (21 November 1996). „Abdus Salam Is Dead at 70; Physicist Shared Nobel Prize”. The New York Times. 
  14. ↑ „Abdus Salam -Biography”. Nobel Prize Committee. 

Literatura

  • Duff, Michael (2007). Salam + 50: proceedings of the conference. London, United Kingdom: Imperial College Press. str. 84. 
  • Fraser, Gordon (2008). Cosmic anger: Abdus Salam – the first Muslim Nobel scientist. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. str. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-920846-3. 
  • Freund, Peter George Oliver (1998). „Oppenheimer, Hero or Antihero”. A passion for Discovery. Singapore: World Scientific. str. 206. ISBN 978-981-270-646-1. 
  • Ghani, Abdul (1982). „Science Advisor to the President (1960–1974)”. Abdus Salam: a Nobel laureate from a Muslim country : a biographical sketch. str. 234. 
  • Hoodbhoy, PhD, Pervez Hoodbhoy (2008). „Fascinating encounters: Professor Abdus Salam”. Dr. Pervaiz Hoodbhoy, professor of nuclear physics at Quaid-i-Azam University, and a senior scientist at Institute of Physics and National Center for Nuclear Physics. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-09-24. Pristupljeno 23 August 2016. 
  • Fayyazuddin (2005). „Salam: As I know him”. NCP 5th Lectures (Islamabad, Pakistan: National Center for Physics): 19. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-03-03. Pristupljeno 23 August 2016. 
  • Mujahid, Mujahid (2006). „Abdus Salam: 1926–1996”. NCP 5th Particle Physics Workship: Prof. Abdus Salam – 10th Death Anniversary (Islamabad, Pakistan: National Center for Physics): 1–16. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2017-08-08. Pristupljeno 23 August 2016. 
  • Murthi, R.K. (1999). Children Encyclopedia of Nobel Laureates:Abdus Salam. New Delhi: Pitambar Publication Inc.. str. 41–46. ISBN 81-209-0730-2. 
  • Rahman, Shahid (1998). „Development of Weapons”. u: Rahman, Shahid. Long Road to Chagai. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. str. 157. ISBN 969-8500-00-6. 
  • Riazuddin; Fayyazuddin, T. Kibble; C. Isham Ahmad Ali (1994). Selected Papers of Abdus Salam. World Scientific. str. 660. ISBN 981-02-1662-9. 
  • Riazuddin (2005). „Contributions of Professor Abdus Salam as member of PAEC”. The Nucleus (Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology) 42 (1–2): 31–34. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-06-27. Pristupljeno 23 August 2016. 
  • Riazuddin (2006). „Fifty Years of Parity Violation and Salam's Contribution”. NCP 5th Particle Physics Workship: Prof. Abdus Salam – 10th Death Anniversary (Islamabad, Pakistan: National Center for Physics): 1–32. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-03-03. Pristupljeno 23 August 2016. 

Vanjske poveznice

Abdus Salam na Wikimedijinoj ostavi
  • Abdus Salam and his International Influences
  • Documentary Film on the Science and Life of Dr. Abdus Salam[mrtav link]
  • An Interview – Part 1 of 4 na YouTube
  • An Interview – Part 2 of 4 na YouTube
  • An interview – Part 3 of 4 na YouTube
  • An Interview – Part 4 of 4 na YouTube
  • Interview with Abdus Salam, 1986 (Television production). War and Peace in the Nuclear Age (in Engleski). Vol. "Carter's New World". Boston, MA: WGBH Media Library & Archives. 15 December 1986. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  • The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
  • Abdus Salam bio on Nobel site
  • The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 [1]
  • Abdus Salam CV [2] Arhivirano 2011-12-10 na Wayback Machine-u / [3]
  • Islam and Science: Concordance or Conflict? Arhivirano 2016-03-04 na Wayback Machine-u, speech delivered to UNESCO, 27 April 1984.
  • COMSATS Secretariat
  • Biography of Abdus Salam by Imperial College colleague [4] Arhivirano 2006-02-24 na Wayback Machine-u
  • An Interesting And Detailed Article On the Life of Dr. Abdus Salam In Urdu Arhivirano 2015-02-17 na Wayback Machine-u
  • PBS documentary on strings, contains clip of award ceremony with Abdus Salam
  • Salam +50 Conference at Imperial College Arhivirano 2007-07-07 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Contributions of Professor Abdus Salam as member of PAEC Arhivirano 2012-02-22 na Wayback Machine-u
  • A full biography: 'Cosmic Anger, Abdus Salam- the First Mirzai Nobel Scientist' ISBN 978-0-19-920846-3
  • Abdus Salam Movie – The Dream of Symmetry na YouTube
  • Pakistan shuns physicist linked to 'God particle' (Associated Press, 9 July 2012)
  • p
  • r
  • u
1901. – 1925.

1901. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen  • 1902. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz / Pieter Zeeman  • 1903. Antoine Henri Becquerel / Pierre Curie / Marie Curie  • 1904. Lord Rayleigh  • 1905. Philipp Lenard  • 1906. Joseph John Thomson  • 1907. Albert A. Michelson  • 1908. Gabriel Lippmann  • 1909. Guglielmo Marconi / Karl Ferdinand Braun  • 1910. Johannes Diderik van der Waals  • 1911. Wilhelm Wien  • 1912. Nils Gustaf Dalén  • 1913. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes  • 1914. Max von Laue  • 1915. William Henry Bragg / William Lawrence Bragg  • 1917. Charles Glover Barkla  • 1918. Max Planck  • 1919. Johannes Stark  • 1920. Charles Édouard Guillaume  • 1921. Albert Einstein  • 1922. Niels Bohr  • 1923. Robert Andrews Millikan  • 1924. Manne Siegbahn  • 1925. James Franck / Gustav Hertz

1926. – 1950.

1926. Jean Baptiste Perrin  • 1927. Arthur Holly Compton / Charles Thomson Rees Wilson  • 1928. Owen Willans Richardson  • 1929. Louis de Broglie  • 1930. Čandrasekara Venkata Raman  • 1932. Werner Heisenberg  • 1933. Erwin Schrödinger / Paul Dirac  • 1935. James Chadwick  • 1936. Victor Franz Hess / Carl David Anderson  • 1937. Clinton Joseph Davisson / George Paget Thomson  • 1938. Enrico Fermi  • 1939. Ernest Orlando Lawrence  • 1943. Otto Stern  • 1944. Isidor Isaac Rabi  • 1945. Wolfgang Pauli  • 1946. Percy Williams Bridgman  • 1947. Edward Victor Appleton  • 1948. Patrick Blackett  • 1949. Hideki Yukawa  • 1950. Cecil Frank Powell

1951. – 1975.

1951. John Douglas Cockcroft / Ernest Walton  • 1952. Felix Bloch / Edward Mills Purcell  • 1953. Frits Zernike  • 1954. Max Born / Walther Bothe  • 1955. Willis Lamb / Polykarp Kusch  • 1956. William Shockley / John Bardeen / Walter Houser Brattain  • 1957. Lǐ Zhèngdào / Yáng Zhènníng  • 1958. Pavel Čerenkov / Ilja Frank / Igor Tam  • 1959. Emilio Segrè / Owen Chamberlain  • 1960. Donald A. Glaser  • 1961. Robert Hofstadter / Rudolf Mössbauer  • 1962. Lev Landau  • 1963. Eugene Wigner / Maria Goeppert-Mayer / J. Hans D. Jensen  • 1964. Charles H. Townes / Nikolaj Basov / Aleksandar Prohorov  • 1965. Shin'ichirō Tomonaga / Julian Schwinger / Richard Feynman  • 1966. Alfred Kastler  • 1967. Hans Bethe  • 1968. Luis Walter Alvarez  • 1969. Murray Gell-Mann  • 1970. Hannes Alfvén / Louis Néel  • 1971. Dennis Gabor  • 1972. John Bardeen / Leon Neil Cooper / John Robert Schrieffer  • 1973. Reona Esaki / Ivar Giaever / Brian Josephsonson  • 1974. Martin Ryle / Antony Hewish  • 1975. Aage Niels Bohr / Ben Roy Mottelson / James Rainwater

1976. – 2000.

1976. Burton Richter / Samuel C. C. Ting  • 1977. Philip Warren Anderson / Nevill Francis Mott / John Hasbrouck van Vleck  • 1978. Pjotr Kapica / Arno Allan Penzias / Robert Woodrow Wilson  • 1979. Sheldon Lee Glashow / Abdus Salam / Steven Weinberg  • 1980. James Cronin / Val Logsdon Fitch  • 1981. Nicolaas Bloembergen / Arthur Leonard Schawlow / Kai Siegbahn  • 1982. Kenneth G. Wilson  • 1983. Subramanijan Čandrasekar / William Alfred Fowler  • 1984. Carlo Rubbia / Simon van der Meer  • 1985. Klaus von Klitzing  • 1986. Ernst Ruska / Gerd Binnig / Heinrich Rohrer  • 1987. Georg Bednorz / Karl Alexander Müller  • 1988. Leon M. Lederman / Melvin Schwartz / Jack Steinberger  • 1989. Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. / Hans Georg Dehmelt / Wolfgang Paul  • 1990. Jerome Isaac Friedman / Henry Way Kendall / Richard E. Taylor  • 1991. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes  • 1992. Georges Charpak  • 1993. Russell Alan Hulse / Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.  • 1994. Bertram Brockhouse / Clifford Shull  • 1995. Martin Lewis Perl / Frederick Reines  • 1996. David Morris Lee / Douglas Osheroff / Robert Coleman Richardson  • 1997. Steven Chu / Claude Cohen-Tannoudji / William Daniel Phillips  • 1998. Robert B. Laughlin / Horst Ludwig Störmer / Daniel C. Tsui  • 1999. Gerardus 't Hooft / Martinus J. G. Veltman  • 2000. Žores Alfjorov / Herbert Kroemer / Jack Kilby

2001. – 2024.

2001. Eric Allin Cornell / Wolfgang Ketterle / Carl Wieman  • 2002. Raymond Davis Jr. / Masatoshi Koshiba / Riccardo Giacconi  • 2003. Aleksej Abrikosov / Vitalij Ginzburg / Anthony James Leggett  • 2004. David Gross / Hugh David Politzer / Frank Wilczek  • 2005. Theodor W. Hänsch / John L. Hall / Roy J. Glauber  • 2006. John C. Mather / George Smoot  • 2007. Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg  • 2008. Yōichirō Nanbu / Makoto Kobayashi / Toshihide Masukawa  • 2009. Charles K. Kao / Willard Boyle / George E. Smith  • 2010. Andre Geim / Konstantin Novoselov  • 2011. Saul Perlmutter / Adam Riess / Brian Schmidt  • 2012. David J. Wineland / Serge Haroche  • 2013. François Englert / Peter Higgs  • 2014. Isamu Akasaki / Hiroshi Amano / Shūji Nakamura  • 2015. Takaaki Kajita / Arthur B. McDonald  • 2016. David J. Thouless / Duncan Haldane / John M. Kosterlitz  • 2017. Rainer Weiss / Kip Thorne / Barry Barish  • 2018. Arthur Ashkin / Gérard Mourou / Donna Strickland  • 2019. Jim Peebles / Michel Mayor / Didier Queloz  • 2020. Roger Penrose / Reinhard Genzel / Andrea Ghez  • 2021. Giorgio Parisi / Klaus Hasselmann / Shukurō Manabe  • 2022. Alain Aspect / John Clauser / Anton Zeilinger  • 2023. Anne L'Huillier / Ferenc Krausz / Pierre Agostini