Barbara McClintock

Barbara Maklintok
Rođen16. jun 1902.
Hartford, Konektikat SAD
Umro2. septembar 1992.
Huntington, Njujork SAD
NacionalnostAmerička
PoljaCitogenetika
InstitutijeUniverzitet Misurija
Kold Spring Harbor laboratorija
Alma materKornel univerzitet
Poznat poRad na genetičkoj strukturi kukuruza
Značajna priznanjaNobelova nagrada za fiziologiju i medicinu (1983)

Barbara Maklintok (engl. Barbara McClintock; 16. jun 1902 — 2. septembar 1992.) je dobitnik Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu 1983. Ona je bila američka naučnica i jedan od najistaknutijih citogenetičara. Maklintok je doktorirala botaniku na Kornel univerzitetu 1927, gde je bila lider u razvoju citogenetike kukuruza. To polje je ostalo u fokusu njenih istraživanja tokom ostatka karijere. Od kasnih 1920-tih, Maklintok je izučavala hromozome i kako se oni menjaju tokom reprodukcije kukuruza. Njen rad je bio revolucionaran. Ona je razvila tehnike za vizuelizaciju hromozoma kukuruza i koristila mikroskopsku analizu da demonstrira mnoge fundamentalne genetičke ideje, uključujuči genetičku rekombinaciju putem krosing-overa tokom mejoze — mehanizam kojim hromozomi razmenjuju informacije. Ona je proizvela prvu genetičku mapu kukuruza, povezujući regione hromozoma sa fizičkim karakteristikama, i demonstrirala uloge telomera i centromera, regiona hromozoma koji su važni za konzervaciju genetičke informacije. Ona je bila priznata kao jedna od najboljih u svom polu, nagrađena prestižnim stipendijama, i izabrana za člana Nacionalne akademije nauka SAD 1944.

Tokom 1940-tih i 1950-tih, Maklintok je otkrila transpoziciju i koristila je da pokaže kako su geni odgovorni za fizičke karakteristike. Ona je razvila teorije kojima se objašnjava represija ili ekspresija genetičke informacije sa jedne generacije kukuruza na sledeću. Naišavši na skepticitam u pogledu njenih istraživanja i njihovih implikacija, ona je prestala da objavljuje svoje nalaze 1953. Maklintok je bazirala svoje poglede na naučnoj osnovi umesto predrasuda.[1]

Tokom kasnijeg perioda, ona je sprovela ekstenzivna ispitivanja citogenetike i etnobotanike kukuruznih rasa iz Južne Amerika. Maklintokova istraživanja su bila šire prihvaćena tokom 1960-tih i 1970-tih, kada je pokazano da mehanizmi genetičke promene i regulacije, koje je ona demonstrirala na kukuruzu 1940-tih i 1950-tih, imaju opšti značaj. Nagrade i priznanja za njen doprinos polju su usledile, uključujući Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju ili medicinu 1983. za otkriće genetičke transpozicije. Ona je jedina žena koja je samostalno primila ovu nagradu u toj kategoriji.[2]

Reference

  1. ↑ Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg: Anecdotes
  2. ↑ „Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine”. Nobelprize.org. Pristupljeno 12. 7. 2010. 

Literatura

  • Coe, Ed and Lee B. Kass. 2005. "Proof of physical exchange of genes on the chromosomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102 (No. 19, May): 6641-6656. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0407340102 PMID 15867161
  • Comfort, Nathaniel C. (1999) ""The real point is control": The reception of Barbara McClintock's controlling elements". Journal of the History of Biology 32:133–62. PMID 11623812
  • Comfort, Nathaniel C. (2001) The tangled field: Barbara McClintock's search for the patterns of genetic control. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN 0-674-00456-6
  • Kass, Lee B. 2003. "Records and recollections: A new look at Barbara McClintock, Nobel Prize-Winning geneticist". Genetics 164 (August): 1251-1260.
  • Kass, Lee B. 2005. "Harriet Creighton: Proud botanist". Plant Science Bulletin. 51(4): 118-125. Available online, December 2005: Botanical Society of America
  • Kass, Lee B. 2005. "Missouri compromise: tenure or freedom. New evidence clarifies why Barbara McClintock left Academe". Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter 79: 52-71; article without footnotes or photographs; available, online April 2005: Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter Arhivirano 2011-07-17 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass, Lee B. and Christophe Bonneuil. 2004. "Mapping and seeing: Barbara McClintock and the linking of genetics and cytology in maize genetics, 1928-1935". Chapt 5, pp. 91–118, in Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Jean-Paul Gaudilliere (eds.), Classical Genetic Research and its Legacy: The Mapping Cultures of 20th Century Genetics. London: Routledge.
  • Keller, Evelyn Fox (1983) A feeling for the organism. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York ISBN 0-7167-1433-7
  • Bogdanov, Yu. F. (2002) A life devoted to science. In "Commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Barbara McClintock". Russian Journal of Genetics 38:984–87. PMID 12430570
  • Fedoroff, Nina V. (1995). Barbara McClintock. Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science Arhivirano 2011-06-07 na Wayback Machine-u. 68:211–36.
  • Fedoroff, Nina V. 2002. "The well mangled McClintock myth". Trends in Genetics 18 (7): 378-379.
  • Kass, L. B. 1999. "Current list of Barbara McClintock's publications". Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter 73: 42-48. Available online, 1998: Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter Arhivirano 2011-07-17 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass, Lee B. 2000. "McClintock, Barbara, American botanical geneticist, 1902-1992". pp. 66–69, in Plant Sciences. edited by R. Robinson. Macmillan Science Library, USA.
  • Kass, L. B. 2002. "The Tangled Field, by N. Comfort". Isis. 93 (4): 729-730.
  • Kass, L. B., 2004. Identification of photographs for the Barbara McClintock papers on the National Library of Medicine website. Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter 78: 24-26, available online, 2003: Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter Arhivirano 2011-07-17 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass Lee, B. 2007. Harriet B. Creighton (1909–2004), on Women Pioneers in Plant Biology, American Society of Plant Biologists website, edited by Ann Hirsch. Published online, February 2007: American Society of Plant Biologists Arhivirano 2003-12-03 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass Lee, B. 2007. Barbara McClintock (1902–1992), on Women Pioneers in Plant Biology, American Society of Plant Biologists website, Ann Hirsch editor. Published online, March 2007: American Society of Plant Biologists Arhivirano 2003-12-03 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass, L. B. and R. P. Murphy. 2003. "Will the real Maize Genetics Garden please stand up?" Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter. 77: 41-43. Available online, 2003: Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter
  • Kass, L. B and W. B. Provine. 1999 (&1998). Formerly restricted interview with Barbara McClintock, now available at Cornell University Archives. Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter. 73: 41. Available online, 1998: Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter Arhivirano 2011-07-17 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass, Lee B. Chris Bonneuil, and Ed Coe. 2005. "Cornfests, cornfabs and cooperation: The origins and beginnings of the Maize Genetics Cooperation News Letter". Genetics 169 (April): 1787-1797. Available online, May 6, 2005: Genetics Society of America
  • Murphy, R.P. and L.B. Kass. 2007. Evolution of Plant Breeding at Cornell University: A Centennial History, 1907-2006. Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, pp. 1–98, Appendices A1-A98, Photo Section P1-P38. (July 2007).
  • Kass, Lee B. 2007b. Barbara McClintock (1902–1992), on Women Pioneers in Plant Biology, American Society of Plant Biologists website, Ann Hirsch editor. Published online, March 2007: http://www.aspb.org/committees/women/pioneers.cfm#McClintock Arhivirano 2003-12-03 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass, Lee B. 2007a. Harriet B. Creighton (1909–2004), on Women Pioneers in Plant Biology, American Society of Plant Biologists website, Ann Hirsch editor. Published online, February 2007: http://www.aspb.org/committees/women/pioneers.cfm#Creighton Arhivirano 2003-12-03 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Kass, Lee B. and E. Cobb. 2007. Landmarks and milestones in American plant biology, the Cornell connection. Plant Science Bulletin 53(3, fall): 90-101). Available online, Sept 2007: http://www.botany.org/plantsciencebulletin/psb-2007-53-3.pdf
  • Kass, L. B. 2009. Barbara McClintock’s contributions to Biological Abstracts: Another Cornell connection. Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter 83: 20-21. http://www.agron.missouri.edu/mnl/83/pdf%20files/20Kass.pdf Arhivirano 2011-07-17 na Wayback Machine-u [issued Nov 1, 2009]
  • Kass, L. B. and Chomet, P. 2009. Barbara McClintock, Pgs. 17-52, in J. Bennetzen and S. Hake, Editors, Handbook of Maize: Genetics and Genomics. Springer.
  • Jones, R.N. 2005. "McClintock's controlling elements: the full story". Cytogenetics Research 109:90–103 PMID 15753564
  • Lamberts, William J. (2000) "McClintock, Barbara". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press
  • McClintock, Barbara. (1987). The discovery and characterization of transposable elements: the collected papers of Barbara *McClintock, ed John A. Moore. Garland Publishing, Inc., ISBN 0-8240-1391-3.
  • Nina Fedoroff and Botstein, David (1993) The Dynamic Genome: Barbara McClintock's Ideas in the Century of Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. ISBN 0-87969-396-7
  • The Barbara McClintock Papers - Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine.
  • Barbara McClintock Papers, 1927-1991 at the American Philosophical Society

Spoljašnje veze

Barbara McClintock na Wikimedijinoj ostavi
  • Zvanični sajt Luis Gros Horvitc nagrade
  • Arhivi Kold Spring Harbor laboratorijeArhivirano 2011-09-27 na Wayback Machine-u
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1901. – 1925.

1901. Emil von Behring  • 1902. Ronald Ross  • 1903. Niels Ryberg Finsen  • 1904. Ivan Pavlov  • 1905. Robert Koch  • 1906. Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal  • 1907. Alphonse Laveran  • 1908. Ilja Mečnikov / Paul Ehrlich  • 1909. Emil Theodor Kocher  • 1910. Albrecht Kossel  • 1911. Allvar Gullstrand  • 1912. Alexis Carrel  • 1913. Charles Richet  • 1914. Robert Bárány  • 1919. Jules Bordet  • 1920. August Krogh  • 1922. Archibald Hill / Otto Fritz Meyerhof  • 1923. Frederick Banting / John Macleod  • 1924. Willem Einthoven

1926. – 1950.

1926. Johannes Fibiger  • 1927. Julius Wagner-Jauregg  • 1928. Charles Nicolle  • 1929. Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins  • 1930. Karl Landsteiner  • 1931. Otto Heinrich Warburg  • 1932. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian  • 1933. Thomas Hunt Morgan  • 1934. George Whipple / George Minot / William P. Murphy  • 1935. Hans Spemann  • 1936. Henry Hallett Dale / Otto Loewi  • 1937. Albert Szent-Györgyi  • 1938. Corneille Heymans  • 1939. Gerhard Domagk  • 1943. Henrik Dam / Edward Adelbert Doisy  • 1944. Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Spencer Gasser  • 1945. Alexander Fleming / Ernst Boris Chain / Howard Florey  • 1946. Hermann Joseph Muller  • 1947. Carl Ferdinand Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay  • 1948. Paul Hermann Müller  • 1949. Walter Rudolf Hess / António Egas Moniz  • 1950. Edward Calvin Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Showalter Hench

1951. – 1975.

1951. Max Theiler  • 1952. Selman Waksman  • 1953. Hans Adolf Krebs / Fritz Albert Lipmann  • 1954. John Franklin Enders / Thomas Huckle Weller / Frederick Chapman Robbins  • 1955. Hugo Theorell  • 1956. André Frédéric Cournand / Werner Forßmann / Dickinson W. Richards  • 1957. Daniel Bovet  • 1958. George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg  • 1959. Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg  • 1960. Frank Macfarlane Burnet / Peter Medawar  • 1961. Georg von Békésy  • 1962. Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins  • 1963. John Carew Eccles / Alan Lloyd Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley  • 1964. Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen  • 1965. François Jacob / André Michel Lwoff / Jacques Monod  • 1966. Peyton Rous / Charles Brenton Huggins  • 1967. Ragnar Granit / Haldan Keffer Hartline / George Wald  • 1968. Robert W. Holley / Har Gobind Khorana / Marshall W. Nirenberg  • 1969. Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria  • 1970. Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod  • 1971. Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.  • 1972. Gerald M. Edelman / Rodney R. Porter  • 1973. Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen  • 1974. Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Emil Palade  • 1975. David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Martin Temin

1976. – 2000.

1976. Baruch S. Blumberg / D. Carleton Gajdusek  • 1977. Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow  • 1978. Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith  • 1979. Allan M. Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield  • 1980. Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George D. Snell  • 1981. Roger W. Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel  • 1982. Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane  • 1983. Barbara McClintock  • 1984. Niels Kaj Jerne / Georges J. F. Köhler / César Milstein  • 1985. Michael S. Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein  • 1986. Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini  • 1987. Susumu Tonegawa  • 1988. James Whyte Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings  • 1989. J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus  • 1990. Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas  • 1991. Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann  • 1992. Edmond H. Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs  • 1993. Richard J. Roberts / Phillip A. Sharp  • 1994. Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell  • 1995. Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus  • 1996. Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel  • 1997. Stanley B. Prusiner  • 1998. Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad  • 1999. Günter Blobel  • 2000. Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel

2001. – 2024.

2001. Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse  • 2002. Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John Sulston  • 2003. Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield  • 2004. Linda B. Buck / Richard Axel  • 2005. Barry Marshall / Robin Warren  • 2006. Andrew Fire / Craig Mello  • 2007. Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies  • 2008. Harald zur Hausen / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi / Luc Montagnier  • 2009. Elizabeth H. Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak  • 2010. Robert G. Edwards  • 2011. Bruce Beutler / Jules Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumno)  • 2012. John B. Gurdon / Shin'ya Yamanaka  • 2013. James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas Südhof  • 2014. John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser  • 2015. William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tú Yōuyōu  • 2016. Yoshinori Ōsumi  • 2017. Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young  • 2018. James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo  • 2019. Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr.  • 2020. Harvey J. Alter / Michael Houghton / Charles M. Rice  • 2021. David Julius / Ardem Pataputijan  • 2022. Svante Pääbo  • 2023. Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman

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