List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has designated 171 World Heritage Sites in Western Europe (including international dependencies). These sites are located in 9 countries (also called "state parties"); Germany and France are home to the most with 46 and 45, while Liechtenstein, Monaco and the British Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey have no sites. There are twelve sites which are shared between state parties both in and out of Western Europe.^[1][2] The first site from the region to be included on the list was the Aachen Cathedral in Germany in 1978, the year of the list's conception.^[3]

Each year, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee may inscribe new sites on the list, or delist sites that no longer meet the criteria. Selection is based on ten criteria: six for cultural heritage (i–vi) and four for natural heritage (vii–x).^[4] Some sites, designated "mixed sites," represent both cultural and natural heritage.^[5] In Western Europe, there are 151 cultural, 18 natural, and 2 mixed sites.^[5]

The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing "conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List."^[6] Presently, none of the sites in Western Europe are currently listed as endangered, though two German sites and an English site were previously listed: the Cologne Cathedral was marked as endangered in 2004 due to the construction of several high-rise buildings around it, but it was removed from the list in 2006.^[7] The Dresden Elbe Valley site was listed in 2006 in hopes of halting the construction of the four lane Waldschlösschen Bridge through the valley.^[6][8][9] When construction continued as planned, it became the second site to be delisted as a World Heritage in 2009, the first being Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary two years earlier.^[10] Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City was listed in 2004, marked as endangered in 2012 due to planned developments in the protected area, and removed from the list in 2021 when development plans went ahead.^[11]

List

Legend

The list below uses a cultural definition of Western Europe (which includes Ireland and the United Kingdom, contrary to the United Nations Statistics Division's definition). It also omits eight sites outside of Europe belonging to European state parties: Curaçao (Netherlands), French Austral Lands and Seas (France), French Polynesia (France), New Caledonia (France), Reunion Island (France), Gough Island (United Kingdom), Henderson Island (United Kingdom), and Bermuda (United Kingdom). These sites are included in the African, American, and Oceania lists.

The table is sortable by column by clicking on the at the top of the appropriate column; alphanumerically for the Site, Area, and Year columns; by state party for the Location column; and by criteria type for the Criteria column.

Site – named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation^[5]

Location – sorted by country, followed by the region at the regional or provincial level and geocoordinates. In the case of multinational or multi-regional sites, the names are sorted alphabetically.

Criteria – as defined by the World Heritage Committee^[4]

Area – in hectares and acres, followed by buffer zones if applicable. A value of zero implies that no data has been published by UNESCO

Year – during which the site was inscribed to the World Heritage List

Description – brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable

World Heritage Sites

Site	Image	Location	Criteria	Area ha (acre)	Year	Description
Aachen Cathedral		GermanyAachen,  Germany 50°46′28″N 6°5′4″E / 50.77444°N 6.08444°E / 50.77444; 6.08444 (Aachen Cathedral)	Cultural:GerAac (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)	0.2 (0.49)	1978	An iconic feat of architecture that sparked copies around Germany for centuries to come, Aachen's cathedral became the first-built vaulted structure since antiquity. The town itself was closely tied to Charlemagne during the cathedral's inception, which explains why it became his burial place when he died in 814.[12]
Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch		GermanyLorsch,  Germany 49°39′13″N 8°34′7″E / 49.65361°N 8.56861°E / 49.65361; 8.56861 (Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch)	Cultural:GerLor (iii), (iv)	3.34 (8.3)	1991	The abbey and gate or 'Torhall', are from the Carolingian era. The notable Carolingian sculptures and paintings are still in good condition.[13]
Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe		FranceVienne,  France 46°33′53″N 0°51′58″E / 46.56472°N 0.86611°E / 46.56472; 0.86611 (Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe)	Cultural:FraVie (i), (iii)	1.61 (4.0)	1983	Often referred to as the "Romanesque Sistine Chapel", the church features well-preserved murals from the 11th and 12th centuries.[14]
Amiens Cathedral		FranceAmiens,  France 49°53′42″N 2°18′6″E / 49.89500°N 2.30167°E / 49.89500; 2.30167 (Amiens Cathedral)	Cultural:FraAmi (i), (ii)	1.54 (3.8)	1981	Amiens Cathedral is known as one of the classic Gothic churches of the 13th century. Following a devastating fire in 1218, it spent almost an entire 200 years under construction before taking on its current form in 1401, after which it has remained in great shape.[15]
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe		Germany Albania*;  Austria*;  Belgium*;  Bulgaria*;  Croatia*;  Germany*;  Italy*;  Romania*;  Slovakia*;  Slovenia*;  Spain*;  Ukraine* 49°5′10″N 22°32′10″E / 49.08611°N 22.53611°E / 49.08611; 22.53611 (Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe)	Natural:Ger1 (ix)	92,023 (227,390); buffer zone 253,815 (627,190)	2007[nb 1]	Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians are used to study the spread of the beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) in the Northern Hemisphere across a variety of environments and the environment in the forest. The addition of the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany in 2011 included five forests totaling 4,391 hectares (10,850 acres) that are added to the 29,278 hectares (72,350 acres) of Slovakian and Ukrainian beech forests inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2007. The site was further expanded in 2017 to include forests in 9 additional European countries.[16]
Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke		GermanySchleswig, Schleswig-Holstein,  Germany 54°29′28″N 9°33′55″E / 54.49111°N 9.56528°E / 54.49111; 9.56528 (Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke)	Cultural:GerEss (iii), (iv)	227.55 (562.3)	2018	Hedeby was an important settlement of Danish Vikings and Swedish Varangians. It is considered an early medieval city in northern Europe and was an important trading place and main hub for long-distance trade between Scandinavia, western Europe, the North Sea region and the Baltic States. The Danevirke is a fortification of the early and high Middle Ages in northern Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It consists of earth walls with moats, a brick wall, two medieval wall castles and a sea barrier.[17]
Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne		IrelandCounty Meath,  Ireland 53°41′30.012″N 6°27′0″W / 53.69167000°N 6.45000°W / 53.69167000; -6.45000 (Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne)	Cultural:IreCouMea (i), (iii), (iv)	770 (1,900)	1993	The site is a unique testament to the longevity of several prehistoric and medieval settlements, featuring various cultural, artistic and scientific advancements that span four millennia.[18]
The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement		Belgium Argentina*;  Belgium*;  France*;  Germany*;  India*;  Japan*;   Switzerland* 46°28′06″N 6°49′46″E / 46.46833°N 6.82944°E / 46.46833; 6.82944 (Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement)	Cultural:BelArc (i), (ii), (vi)	98 (240)	2016	Seventeen examples in seven countries of the work of modern architecture pioneer Le Corbusier. These buildings span about half a century of work and illustrate the solutions that modern architects found to meet the needs of society as well as the international reach of modern architecture.[19]
Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments		FranceBouches-du-Rhône,  France 43°40′40″N 4°37′51″E / 43.67778°N 4.63083°E / 43.67778; 4.63083 (Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments)	Cultural:FraArl (ii), (iv)	65 (160)	1981	The city, originally built in the 6th century BCE by Phocaean settlers from Greece, was remodelled by the Romans and slowly grew into an important metropolis, both politically and religiously. By 480, however, Arles was conquered by Barbarians and suffered a decline in its status until the 9th century, when Boso founded what would later become the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles, where it regained its importance.[20]
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau		GermanyWeimar, Dessau and Bernau  Germany 50°58′29″N 11°19′46″E / 50.97472°N 11.32944°E / 50.97472; 11.32944 (Bauhaus and its sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau)	Cultural:GerBer1 (ii), (iv), (vi)	8.16 (20.2); buffer zone 59 (150)	1996[nb 2]	Founded in 1919 in Weimar, the Bauhaus was the most influential art school of the 20th century. The buildings designed by the masters of the Bauhaus are fundamental representatives of Classical Modernism. The joint heritage site includes the Bauhaus school buildings in Weimar and the Haus am Horn, Weimar; the Bauhaus Dessau building, the Meisterhäuser (where senior staff lived)[21] and the Laubenganghäuser ('Houses with Balcony Access');[22] and the ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau bei Berlin.[23]
Belfries of Belgium and France		Belgium Belgium*;  France* 50°10′28″N 3°13′53″E / 50.17444°N 3.23139°E / 50.17444; 3.23139 (Belfries of Belgium and France)	Cultural:Belg1 (ii), (iv)	—	1999	The UNESCO entry covers 56 culturally significant belfries across France and Belgium, built over a period of several centuries.[24]
Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair		SwitzerlandMüstair,   Switzerland 46°37′46″N 10°26′52″E / 46.62944°N 10.44778°E / 46.62944; 10.44778 (Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair)	Cultural:SwiMus (iii)	2,036 (5,030)	1983	The Convent of Müstair is a Christian monastery from the Carolingian period. It has Switzerland's greatest series of figurative murals, painted c. 800 AD, along with other Romanesque art and designs.[25]
Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe		GermanyKassel,  Germany 51°18′57″N 9°23′35″E / 51.31583°N 9.39306°E / 51.31583; 9.39306 (Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe in Kassel)	Cultural:GerKas (iii), (iv)	559 (1,380)	2013	Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe is the largest European hillside park, and second largest park on a mountain slope in the world. Its waterworks along with the towering Hercules statue constitute an expression of the ideals of absolutist Monarchy while the ensemble is a remarkable testimony to the aesthetics of the Baroque and Romantic periods.[26]
Berlin Modernism Housing Estates		GermanyBerlin,  Germany 52°26′54″N 13°27′0″E / 52.44833°N 13.45000°E / 52.44833; 13.45000 (Berlin Modernism Housing Estates)	Cultural:GerBer2 (ii), (iv)	88 (220)	2008	The property consists of six housing estates from 1910 to 1933. It is an example of the building reform movement that contributed to improved housing and living conditions for people with low incomes. The estates also showcase a number of new designs, decoration and layouts. The lessons learned here were applied on other projects around the world. Some of the notable architects on these house were; Bruno Taut, Martin Wagner and Walter Gropius.[27]
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape		United KingdomTorfaen, Wales,  United Kingdom 51°46′35″N 3°5′17″W / 51.77639°N 3.08806°W / 51.77639; -3.08806 (Blaenavon Industrial Landscape)	Cultural:UniTorf (iii), (iv)	3,290 (8,100)	2000	In the 19th century, Wales was the world's foremost producer of iron and coal. Blaenavon is an example of the landscape created by the industrial processes associated with the production of these materials. The site includes quarries, public buildings, workers' housing, and a railway.[28]
Blenheim Palace		United KingdomWoodstock, England,  United Kingdom 51°50′31″N 1°21′41″W / 51.84194°N 1.36139°W / 51.84194; -1.36139 (Blenheim Palace)	Cultural:UniWoo (ii), (iv)	—	1987	Blenheim Palace, the residence of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, was designed by architects John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. The associated park was landscaped by Capability Brown. The palace celebrated victory over the French and is significant for establishing English Romantic Architecture as a separate entity from French Classical Architecture.[29]
Bordeaux, Port of the Moon		FranceGironde,  France 44°50′20″N 0°34′20″E / 44.83889°N 0.57222°E / 44.83889; 0.57222 (Bordeaux, Port of the Moon)	Cultural:FraGir1 (ii), (iv)	1,731 (4,280)	2007	A port city world-renowned for its wine industry, Bordeaux is also a coherent blend of classical and neo-classical architectural trends that symbolise the urban transformation from the 18th century onwards.[30]
Bourges Cathedral		FranceBourges,  France 47°4′56″N 2°23′54″E / 47.08222°N 2.39833°E / 47.08222; 2.39833 (Bourges Cathedral)	Cultural:FraBou (i), (iv)	0.85 (2.1)	1992	Originally built to confirm the ruling of the archdiocese and rebuilt due to fire, the cathedral is simplistic in its design, yet considered be a unique landmark of the city. Some of the medieval-era houses still surround the church.[31]
Canal du Midi		FranceSouthern France,  France 43°36′41″N 1°24′59″E / 43.61139°N 1.41639°E / 43.61139; 1.41639 (Canal du Midi)	Cultural:FraSou1 (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)	1,172 (2,900)	1996	Called "one of the greatest engineering achievements of the modern age", the 360 km (220 mi) Canal du Midi is the result of 17th-century projects that linked the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, essentially setting the stage for the Industrial Revolution. Creator Pierre-Paul Riquet also placed heavy emphasis on the aesthetics of the waterway so that it would blend with its surroundings.[32]
Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church		United KingdomCanterbury, England,  United Kingdom 51°16′48″N 1°4′59″E / 51.28000°N 1.08306°E / 51.28000; 1.08306 (Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church)	Cultural:UniCan (i), (ii), (vi)	18 (44)	1988	St Martin's Church is the oldest church in England. The church and St Augustine's Abbey were founded during the early stages of the introduction of Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons. The cathedral exhibits Romanesque and Gothic architecture, and is the seat of the Church of England.[33][34][35]
Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey		GermanyHöxter, Germany,  Germany 51°46′42″N 9°24′37″E / 51.77833°N 9.41028°E / 51.77833; 9.41028 (Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey)	Cultural:GerCar (ii), (iii), (iv)	12 (30)	2014	The abbey church was built between AD 822 and 885. Today the westwork is the only standing structure that dates back to the Carolingian era, while the ruins of the abbey are only partly excavated. It was an important center of early Frankish imperial administration and in the spread of Christianity in Germany.[36]
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd		United KingdomGwynedd, Wales,  United Kingdom 53°8′23″N 4°16′37″W / 53.13972°N 4.27694°W / 53.13972; -4.27694 (Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd)	Cultural:UniGwy (i), (iii), (iv)	6 (15)	1986	During the reign of Edward I of England (1272–1307), a series of castles were constructed in Wales with the purpose of subduing the population and establishing English colonies in Wales. The World Heritage Site covers many castles including Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy, and Harlech. The castles of Edward I are considered the pinnacle of military architecture by military historians.[37][38]
Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl		GermanyBrühl, North Rhine-Westphalia,  Germany 50°49′30″N 6°54′35″E / 50.82500°N 6.90972°E / 50.82500; 6.90972 (Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl)	Cultural:GerBru (ii), (iv)	89 (220)	1984	Augustusburg Castle, the residence of the prince-archbishops of Cologne, and the Falkenlust hunting lodge are both examples of early German Rococo architecture.[39]
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi and Palace of Tau, Reims		FranceReims,  France 49°15′12″N 4°1′58″E / 49.25333°N 4.03278°E / 49.25333; 4.03278 (Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Remi and Palace of Tau, Reims)	Cultural:FraRei (i), (ii), (vi)	4.16 (10.3)	1991	Notre-Dame in Reims is one of the masterpieces of Gothic art. The former abbey still has its beautiful 9th-century nave, in which lie the remains of Archbishop St Rémi (440–533), who instituted the Holy Anointing of the kings of France. The former archiepiscopal palace known as the Tau Palace, which played an important role in religious ceremonies, was almost entirely rebuilt in the 17th century.[40]
The Causses and the Cévennes		FranceSouthern France,  France 44°13′13″N 3°28′23″E / 44.22028°N 3.47306°E / 44.22028; 3.47306 (The Causses and the Cévennes)	Cultural:FraSou2 (iii), (v)	302,319 (747,050)	2011	This site, in the southern part of central France, displays the relationship between local farming and the environment. The region is mountainous with numerous narrow valleys. The local farmers had to adapt to raise food in this difficult landscape. The valleys of the Causses were developed and controlled by large abbeys, starting in the 11th century. Mont Lozère is one of the last places where summer transhumance is still practiced in the traditional way.[41]
Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura		GermanyAch and Lone Valleys,  Germany 48°23′16″N 9°45′56″E / 48.38778°N 9.76556°E / 48.38778; 9.76556 (Ach Valley) 48°32′56″N 10°10′32″E / 48.54889°N 10.17556°E / 48.54889; 10.17556 (Lone Valley)	Cultural:GerJur (iii)	462.1 (1,142)	2017	Excavated from the 1860s, six caves have revealed items dating from 43,000 to 33,000 years ago, including one statuette of a female form, carved figurines of animals, musical instruments and items of personal adornment. These archaeological sites feature some of the oldest figurative art worldwide and help shed light on the origins of human artistic development.[42]
Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars		FranceMarne,  France 49°04′39″N 3°56′46″E / 49.07750°N 3.94611°E / 49.07750; 3.94611 (Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars)	Cultural:FraMar (iii), (iv), (vi)	1,101 (2,720)	2015	This site includes historic vineyards of Hautvillers, Aÿ and Mareuil-sur-Aÿ, Saint-Nicaise Hill in Reims and Avenue de Champagne and Fort Chabrol in Épernay.[43]
Chartres Cathedral		FranceChartres,  France 48°26′51″N 1°29′14″E / 48.44750°N 1.48722°E / 48.44750; 1.48722 (Chartres Cathedral)	Cultural:FraCha (i), (ii), (iv)	1.06 (2.6)	1979	The cathedral was started in 1145 and rebuilt after a fire in 1194. It is a masterpiece of French Gothic art. The sculptures are from the 12th century and the stained-glass windows are from the 12th and 13th centuries.[44]
Chaîne des Puys - Limagne fault tectonic arena		FranceAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes,  France 45°30′N 2°48′E / 45.5°N 2.8°E / 45.5; 2.8 (Chaîne des Puys)	Natural:FraCdP (viii)	24,223 (59,860)	2018	[45]
La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning		SwitzerlandCanton of Neuchâtel,   Switzerland 47°6′14″N 6°49′58″E / 47.10389°N 6.83278°E / 47.10389; 6.83278 (La Chaux-de-Fonds/Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning.)	Cultural:SwiNeu (iv)	284 (700)	2009	The site consists of two towns situated close to one another in a remote environment in the Swiss Jura mountains. Due to poor agricultural land, the watchmaking industry developed in the towns in the 19th century. After several devastating fires the towns were rebuilt to support this single industry. The town of La Chaux-de-Fonds was described by Karl Marx as a “huge factory-town” in Das Kapital where he analyzed the division of labour in the watchmaking industry of the Jura.[46]
Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay		FranceMarmagne, Côte-d'Or,  France 47°38′22″N 4°23′21″E / 47.63944°N 4.38917°E / 47.63944; 4.38917 (Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay)	Cultural:FraMar (iv)	5.77 (14.3)	1981	The monastery was founded by St Bernard in 1119. The abbey was built to be self-sufficient and to isolate the residents from the outside world. In addition to the church and monks' quarters, it had a bakery and ironworks to help make it independent.[47]
City of Bath		United KingdomSomerset, England,  United Kingdom 51°22′53″N 2°21′31″W / 51.38139°N 2.35861°W / 51.38139; -2.35861 (City of Bath)	Cultural:UniSom (i), (ii), (iv)	2,900 (7,200)	1987	Founded by the Romans as a spa, an important centre of the wool industry in the medieval period, and a spa town in the 18th century, Bath has a varied history. The city is preserved for its Roman remains and Palladian architecture.[48]
City of Graz – Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg		AustriaStyria,  Austria 47°4′27″N 15°23′30″E / 47.07417°N 15.39167°E / 47.07417; 15.39167 (City of Graz – Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg)	Cultural:AusSty (ii), (iv)	—	1999	A branch of the Habsburg family lived in Graz for centuries. The Habsburgs and other local nobles beautified and expanded Graz over centuries, leading to a city with grand buildings in a number of styles.[49]
City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications		Luxembourg Luxembourg 49°36′36″N 6°7′59.988″E / 49.61000°N 6.13333000°E / 49.61000; 6.13333000 (City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications)	Cultural:Luxembourg (iv)	30 (74)	1994	Luxembourg occupies a strategically important location in the region. Over the centuries it was traded back and forth by the great powers in Europe, each of which fortified and expanded the city. Though many of the walls were dismantled in 1867, portions still remain.[50]
Classical Weimar		GermanyThuringia,  Germany 50°58′39″N 11°19′43″E / 50.97750°N 11.32861°E / 50.97750; 11.32861 (Classical Weimar)	Cultural:GerWei (iii), (vi)	—	1998	Weimar became a cultural center in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Among the many artists and writers, the city was home to Goethe and Schiller. During this same period elegant buildings and parks were built in Weimar.[51]
The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy		FranceCôte-d'Or,  France 47°03′29″N 4°51′52″E / 47.05806°N 4.86444°E / 47.05806; 4.86444 (The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy)	Cultural:FraCot (iii), (v)	13,219 (32,660)	2015	[52]
Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg		GermanyHarz,  Germany 51°47′0″N 11°9′0″E / 51.78333°N 11.15000°E / 51.78333; 11.15000 (Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg)	Cultural:GerHar (iv)	90 (220)	1994	The preservation of old Quedlinberg allows tourists to see 16th- and 17th-century timber-framed houses and walk down medieval-patterned streets, while the Romanesque castle and cathedral, housing the bodies of Henry I and his wife, tower over the town.[53]
Cologne Cathedral		GermanyCologne,  Germany 50°56′28″N 6°57′26″E / 50.94111°N 6.95722°E / 50.94111; 6.95722 (Cologne Cathedral)	Cultural:GerCol (i), (ii), (iv)	—	1996	While work on the Cologne Cathedral began in 1248, it remained incomplete until the Prussians picked up the task centuries later, finishing the job in 1880. It was heavily bombed in the Second World War, but restorations allowed it to become the most visited landmark in Germany, boasting 6.5 million visitors per year as of 2011.[54][55]
Convent of St Gall		SwitzerlandSt. Gallen,   Switzerland 47°25′24″N 9°22′40″E / 47.42333°N 9.37778°E / 47.42333; 9.37778 (Convent of St Gall)	Cultural:SwiStGal (ii), (iv)	—	1983	The Carolingian Convent of St Gall was one of the most important in Europe. It was in operation from the 8th century to its secularization in 1805. Its library is one of the richest and oldest in the world and contains a number of precious manuscripts such as the Plan of Saint Gall. Portions of the building were rebuilt in the Baroque style.[56]
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape		United KingdomSouth West England,  United Kingdom 50°8′10″N 5°23′1″W / 50.13611°N 5.38361°W / 50.13611; -5.38361 (Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape)	Cultural:UniSouCor (ii), (iii), (iv)	19,719 (48,730)	2006	Tin and copper mining in Devon and Cornwall boomed in the 18th and 19th centuries, and at its peak the area produced two-thirds of the world's copper. The techniques and technology involved in deep mining developed in Devon and Cornwall were used around the world.[57]
Decorated Cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche		FranceVallon-Pont-d'Arc,  France 44°23′20″N 4°24′59″E / 44.38889°N 4.41639°E / 44.38889; 4.41639 (Decorated Cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche)	Cultural:FraDec (i), (iii)	9 (22)	2014	The cave is home to over 1000 paintings and drawing from about 30,000 to 32,000 years before present as well as flora and fauna remains. It contains the earliest and best preserved examples of prehistoric cave art. The art is especially notable for its use of color, motion, anatomical precision and three-dimensionality.[58]
Defence Line of Amsterdam		NetherlandsAmsterdam,  Netherlands 52°22′28″N 4°53′35″E / 52.37444°N 4.89306°E / 52.37444; 4.89306 (Defence Line of Amsterdam)	Cultural:NetAmsDef (ii), (iv), (v)	14,953 (36,950)	1996	Known in Dutch as the Stelling van Amsterdam, the 135-kilometre (84 mi) defence line surrounding the city was completed in 1920 to protect it from naval threats coming through the Markermeer. It was designed to temporarily flood the area comprising the line, enabling the 45 armed forts along it to effectively stage their countermeasures.[59]
Derwent Valley Mills		United KingdomDerbyshire, England,  United Kingdom 53°1′44″N 1°29′17″W / 53.02889°N 1.48806°W / 53.02889; -1.48806 (Derwent Valley Mills)	Cultural:UniDer (ii), (iv)	1,229 (3,040)	2001	The Derwent Valley Mills was the birthplace of the factory system; the innovations in the valley, including the development of workers' housing – such as at Cromford – and machines such as the water frame, were important in the Industrial Revolution. The Derwent Valley Mills influenced North America and Europe.[60][61]
Dorset and East Devon Coast		United KingdomDorset, England,  United Kingdom 50°42′20″N 2°59′23.6″W / 50.70556°N 2.989889°W / 50.70556; -2.989889 (Dorset and East Devon Coast)	Natural:UniEasDev (viii)	2,550 (6,300)	2001	The cliffs that make up the Dorset and Devon coast are an important site for fossils and provide a continuous record of life on land and in the sea in the area since 185 million years ago.[62]
Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder)		NetherlandsNorth Holland,  Netherlands 52°32′56″N 4°54′40″E / 52.54889°N 4.91111°E / 52.54889; 4.91111 (Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder))	Cultural:NetNorBeem (i), (ii), (iv)	—	1999	The early 17th-century Beemster Polder is a series of fields, roads, canals, dykes and settlements all built on land reclaimed from the sea.[63]
Durham Castle and Cathedral		United KingdomDurham, England,  United Kingdom 54°46′29″N 1°34′34″W / 54.77472°N 1.57611°W / 54.77472; -1.57611 (Durham Castle and Cathedral)	Cultural:UniDur (ii), (iv), (vi)	8.79 (21.7)	1986	Durham Cathedral is the "largest and finest" example of Norman architecture in England and vaulting of the cathedral was part of the advent of Gothic architecture. The cathedral houses relics of St Cuthbert and Bede. The Norman castle was the residence of the Durham prince-bishops.[64]
The English Lake District		United KingdomNorth West England,  United Kingdom 54°28′36″N 3°4′57″W / 54.47667°N 3.08250°W / 54.47667; -3.08250 (The English Lake District)	Cultural:UniLak (ii), (v), (vi)	229,205.19 (566,378.4)	2017	The combined work of nature and human activity has produced a harmonious landscape in which the mountains are mirrored in the lakes. Grand houses, gardens and parks have been purposely created to enhance the beauty of this landscape. This landscape was greatly appreciated from the 18th century onwards by the Picturesque and later Romantic movements, which celebrated it in paintings, drawings and words. It also inspired an awareness of the importance of beautiful landscapes and triggered early efforts to preserve them.[65]
Episcopal City of Albi		FranceTarn,  France 43°55′42″N 2°8′33″E / 43.92833°N 2.14250°E / 43.92833; 2.14250 (Cité épiscopale d'Albi)	Cultural:FraTar (iv), (v)	19 (47)	2010	The once powerful Albi, founded as an agricultural town, gradually shifted its theme from fortifications to a much more classical Renaissance look that survives as a testament to the two eras in human history.[66]
Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region		GermanySaxony,  Germany* and  Czech Republic* 50°24′23″N 12°50′14″E / 50.40639°N 12.83722°E / 50.40639; 12.83722 (Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region)	Cultural:GeOre (ii), (iii), (iv)	6,766.057 (16,719.29)	2019	The mountains in south-west Germany and north-west Czechia have been a source of metals including silver, tin and uranium beginning in the 12th century. The cultural landscape of the region was shaped by mining and smelting innovations.[67]
Fagus Factory in Alfeld		GermanyAlfeld,  Germany 51°59′1″N 9°48′40″E / 51.98361°N 9.81111°E / 51.98361; 9.81111 (Fagus Factory in Alfeld)	Cultural:GerAlf (ii), (iv)	1.88 (4.6)	2011	Built by Walter Gropius in 1910, the factory designed to manufacture shoe last was renowned for redefining decorative values of the time period, particularly in the wide use of glass to render the building much more homogeneous, which foreshadowed his later work with the Bauhaus.[68]
Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape		AustriaBurgenland and Győr-Moson-Sopron County,  Austria*  Hungary* 47°43′9.4″N 16°43′21.8″E / 47.719278°N 16.722722°E / 47.719278; 16.722722 (Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape)	Cultural:AusBur (v)	52 (130)	2001	The Fertö/Neusiedler Lake area has been occupied by different peoples for eight millennia. A number of 18th- and 19th-century villages and castles were built on top of the ancient settlements and landscape.[69]
Flemish Béguinages		BelgiumFlanders,  Belgium 51°1′52″N 4°28′26″E / 51.03111°N 4.47389°E / 51.03111; 4.47389 (Flemish Béguinages)	Cultural:BelFla (ii), (iii), (iv)	60 (150)	1998	The communities, called "béguinages", were built by the Béguines, religious women who "dedicated their lives to God without retiring from the world". Entire Flemish towns were created in the 13th century based on this principle of life.[70]
Forth Bridge		United KingdomScotland,  United Kingdom 56°0′3″N 3°23′23″W / 56.00083°N 3.38972°W / 56.00083; -3.38972 (Forth Bridge)	Cultural:UniFor (i), (iv)	7.5 (19)	2015	The Forth Bridge is a cantilever railway bridge over the Firth of Forth, 9 miles (14 kilometres) west of Edinburgh City Centre. It is considered an iconic structure and a symbol of Scotland, and was designed by the English engineers Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker.[71]
Fortifications of Vauban		France France 50°16′57″N 2°45′32″E / 50.28250°N 2.75889°E / 50.28250; 2.75889 (Fortifications of Vauban)	Cultural:Fra1 (i), (ii), (iv)	1,153 (2,850)	2008	The UNESCO entry covers 12 groups of fortified buildings in France engineered by Sébastien Le Prestre, who worked under Louis XIV in the 17th century.[72]
The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their Environs, La Louvière and Le Roeulx		BelgiumLa Louvière,  Belgium 50°28′52″N 4°8′14″E / 50.48111°N 4.13722°E / 50.48111; 4.13722 (The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre)	Cultural:BelLaLou (iii), (iv)	67 (170)	1998	The hydraulic lifts along the Canal du Centre were made to overcome the 89.46-metre (293.5 ft) height difference between Mons and Charleroi. They are the last functioning lifts built at the turn of the 20th century.[73]
Frontiers of the Roman Empire		GermanyCentral Lowlands, Northern England, and Southern Germany  Germany*  United Kingdom* 54°59′33″N 2°36′4″W / 54.99250°N 2.60111°W / 54.99250; -2.60111 (Frontiers of the Roman Empire)	Cultural:GerCen (ii), (iii), (iv)	527 (1,300)	1987	Hadrian's Wall was built in 122 AD and the Antonine Wall was constructed in 142 AD to defend the Roman Empire from "barbarians".[74] The World Heritage Site was previously listed as Hadrian's Wall alone, but was later expanded to include all the frontiers of the Roman Empire at its zenith in the 2nd century, ranging from Antonine's Wall in the north to Trajan's Wall in eastern Europe.[74]
Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz		GermanySaxony-Anhalt,  Germany 51°50′33″N 12°25′15″E / 51.84250°N 12.42083°E / 51.84250; 12.42083 (Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz)	Cultural:GerSax1 (ii), (iv)	14,500 (36,000)	2000	"The Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz is an outstanding example of the application of the philosophical principles of the Age of the Enlightenment to the design of a landscape that integrates art, education and economy in a harmonious whole."[75]
Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast		United KingdomCounty Antrim, Northern Ireland,  United Kingdom 55°15′0″N 6°29′7″W / 55.25000°N 6.48528°W / 55.25000; -6.48528 (Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast)	Natural:UniCouAnt (vii), (viii)	70 (170)	1986	The causeway is made up of 40,000 basalt columns projecting out of the sea. It was created by volcanic activity in the Tertiary period.[76]
La Grand-Place, Brussels		BelgiumBrussels,  Belgium 50°50′48.048″N 4°21′9″E / 50.84668000°N 4.35250°E / 50.84668000; 4.35250 (La Grand-Place, Brussels)	Cultural:BelBru1 (ii), (iv)	1.48 (3.7)	1998	Featuring Brussels' city hall, houses and other historic buildings, La Grand-Place is a well-preserved testament to the social and cultural life of the late 17th century.[77]
Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve		FranceCorsica,  France 42°19′31″N 8°37′43.8″E / 42.32528°N 8.628833°E / 42.32528; 8.628833 (Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve)	Natural:FraCor (vii), (viii), (x)	11,800 (29,000)	1983	The Gulf of Porto is part of the Corsica Regional Park, hosting a variety of marine and avian life, as well as shrubland.[78]
Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape		AustriaSalzkammergut,  Austria 47°33′34″N 13°38′47″E / 47.55944°N 13.64639°E / 47.55944; 13.64639 (Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape)	Cultural:AusSal (iii), (iv)	28,446 (70,290)	1997	The region built itself around salt mining, which began as early as 2,000 BCE and continued in the modern era. The region is also known for its mountain ranges and caves, the longest of the latter reaching a length of 81 km (50 mi).[79]
Hanseatic City of Lübeck		GermanySchleswig-Holstein,  Germany 53°52′0″N 10°41′30″E / 53.86667°N 10.69167°E / 53.86667; 10.69167 (Hanseatic City of Lübeck)	Cultural:GerSch (iv)	81 (200)	1987	Lübeck was the trading capital of the influential Hanseatic League, which monopolised trade in much of Northern Europe. Although a fifth of the city was entirely destroyed in World War II, much of the original 12th-century architecture remains.[80]
Heart of Neolithic Orkney		United KingdomMainland, Scotland,  United Kingdom 58°59′45.8″N 3°11′19″W / 58.996056°N 3.18861°W / 58.996056; -3.18861 (Heart of Neolithic Orkney)	Cultural:UniMai (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)	15 (37)	1999	A collection of Neolithic sites with purposes ranging from occupation to ceremony. It includes the settlement of Skara Brae, the chambered tomb of Maes Howe and the stone circles of Stenness and Brodgar.[81]
Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge		FranceVaucluse,  France 43°57′10″N 4°48′22″E / 43.95278°N 4.80611°E / 43.95278; 4.80611 (Historic Centre of Avignon)	Cultural:FraVau (i), (ii), (iv)	8.2 (20)	1995	[82]
Historic Centre of Brugge		BelgiumWest Flanders,  Belgium 51°12′32.076″N 3°13′30.972″E / 51.20891000°N 3.22527000°E / 51.20891000; 3.22527000 (Historic Centre of Brugge)	Cultural:BelWes (ii), (iv), (vi)	410 (1,000)	2000	One of the economic and commercial capitals of Europe in the late-Medieval period, Bruges boasts its intact Gothic and neo-Gothic architecture, which respectively documents its style from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.[83]
Historic Centre of Salzburg		AustriaSalzburg,  Austria 47°48′2″N 13°2′36″E / 47.80056°N 13.04333°E / 47.80056; 13.04333 (Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg)	Cultural:AusSal (ii), (iv), (vi)	236 (580)	1996	Best associated with Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Salzburg is known for its ecclesiastic city-state qualities only second to Vatican City. It is also where German and Italian cultures intersected, which is reflected by its blend of Gothic- and Baroque-style buildings.[84]
Historic Centre of Vienna		Austria Austria 48°13′0″N 16°22′59″E / 48.21667°N 16.38306°E / 48.21667; 16.38306 (Historic Centre of Vienna)	Cultural:Aus2 (ii), (iv), (vi)	371 (920)	2001	"The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, as well as the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks."[85]
Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar		GermanyMecklenburg-Vorpommern,  Germany 54°18′9″N 13°5′7″E / 54.30250°N 13.08528°E / 54.30250; 13.08528 (Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar)	Cultural:GerMec (ii), (iv)	168 (420)	2002	The two towns were major Hanseatic League trading centres in the 14th and 15th centuries. They then served as defensive and administrative centres for Sweden two hundred years later, notably during the Thirty Years' War. The architectural styles from both of these periods remain and are well-preserved.[86]
Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne		FranceAude,  France 43°12′38″N 2°21′32″E / 43.21056°N 2.35889°E / 43.21056; 2.35889 (Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne)	Cultural:FraAud (ii), (iv)	11 (27)	1997	[87]
Historic Site of Lyon		FranceRhône,  France 45°46′2″N 4°50′0″E / 45.76722°N 4.83333°E / 45.76722; 4.83333 (Historic Site of Lyon)	Cultural:FraRho (ii), (iv)	427 (1,060)	1998	[88]
Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station)		NetherlandsLemmer,  Netherlands 52°50′45″N 5°40′44″E / 52.84583°N 5.67889°E / 52.84583; 5.67889 (Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station))	Cultural:NetLem (i), (ii), (iv)	7.32 (18.1)	1998	[89]
Ironbridge Gorge		United KingdomShropshire, England,  United Kingdom 52°37′35″N 2°28′22″W / 52.62639°N 2.47278°W / 52.62639; -2.47278 (Ironbridge Gorge)	Cultural:UniShr (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)	—	1986	Ironbridge Gorge contains mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. The development of coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The Iron Bridge was the world's first bridge built from iron and was architecturally and technologically influential.[90]
Jodrell Bank Observatory		United KingdomCheshire, England,  United Kingdom 53°14.5′N 2°18.7′W / 53.2417°N 2.3117°W / 53.2417; -2.3117 (Jodrell Bank Observatory)	Cultural:UnJBO (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)	17.38 (42.9)	2019	[91]
Jurisdiction of Saint-Émilion		FranceGironde,  France 44°53′41″N 0°9′19″E / 44.89472°N 0.15528°E / 44.89472; 0.15528 (Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion)	Cultural:FraGir2 (iii), (iv)	7,847 (19,390)	1999	The act of cultivating grapes was introduced to the region by the Romans around 27 BCE and became a large and enduring part of its economy over the course of the following millennia, despite wars and the changes of rule. Occupying 67.5% of the total commune, the vineyards accompany historic monuments and buildings in documenting a monocultural community's history.[92]
Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout		NetherlandsAlblasserdam and Nieuw-Lekkerland,  Netherlands 51°52′57″N 4°38′58″E / 51.88250°N 4.64944°E / 51.88250; 4.64944 (Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout)	Cultural:NetAlb (i), (ii), (iv)	—	1997	The first canals and pumps to drain the land for farming were built here in the Middle Ages. They have continued to be used and expanded into the present day. The network includes a number of dykes, reservoirs, pumping stations, administrative buildings and a series of windmills.[93]
Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces		SwitzerlandVaud,   Switzerland 46°29′31″N 6°44′46″E / 46.49194°N 6.74611°E / 46.49194; 6.74611 (Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces)	Cultural:SwiVau (iii), (iv), (v)	1,408 (3,480)	2007	The Lavaux Vineyard Terraces stretch for about 30 km (19 mi) along the south-facing northern shores of Lake Geneva from Chillon Castle to the eastern outskirts of Lausanne in the Vaud region. The current terraces can be traced back to the 11th century, when Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries controlled the area.[94]
Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret		FranceSeine-Maritime,  France 49°29′34″N 0°6′27″E / 49.49278°N 0.10750°E / 49.49278; 0.10750 (Le Havre)	Cultural:FraSei (ii), (iv)	133 (330)	2005	After their city was heavily bombed in World War II, Le Havre officials commissioned Auguste Perret to lead a reconstruction project. Perret's final product was a city blending its original layout and spirit with modern construction methods, urban planning and an innovative exploitation of concrete.[95]
The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes		FranceLoire Valley,  France 47°23′56″N 0°42′10″E / 47.39889°N 0.70278°E / 47.39889; 0.70278 (The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes)	Cultural:FraLoi (i), (ii), (iv)	85,394 (211,010)	2000	The Loire Valley contains historic towns and villages, castles and cultivated lands along the banks of the river Loire.[96]
Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg		GermanySaxony-Anhalt,  Germany 51°51′53″N 12°39′10″E / 51.86472°N 12.65278°E / 51.86472; 12.65278 (Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg)	Cultural:GerSax2 (iv), (vi)	—	1996	[97]
Major Mining Sites of Wallonia		BelgiumWallonia,  Belgium 50°26′7″N 3°50′18″E / 50.43528°N 3.83833°E / 50.43528; 3.83833 (Major Mining Sites of Wallonia)	Cultural:BelMaj (ii), (iv)	118 (290)	2012	[98]
Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels)		BelgiumBrussels,  Belgium 50°49′41″N 4°21′44″E / 50.82806°N 4.36222°E / 50.82806; 4.36222 (Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels))	Cultural:BelBru2 (i), (ii), (iv)	—	2000	[99]
Margravial Opera House Bayreuth		GermanyBayreuth, Bavaria  Germany 49°56′40″N 11°34′43″E / 49.94444°N 11.57861°E / 49.94444; 11.57861 (Margravial Opera House Bayreuth)	Cultural:GerMar (i), (iv)	0.19 (0.47)	2012	[100]
Maritime Greenwich		United KingdomLondon, England,  United Kingdom 51°28′45″N 0°0′0″E / 51.47917°N 0.00000°E / 51.47917; 0.00000 (Maritime Greenwich)	Cultural:UniLon1 (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)	110 (270)	1997	As well as the presence of the first example of Palladian architecture in England, and works by Christopher Wren and Inigo Jones, the area is significant for the Royal Observatory where the understanding of astronomy and navigation were developed.[101]
Maulbronn Monastery Complex		GermanyMaulbronn,  Germany 49°0′2.988″N 8°48′47.016″E / 49.00083000°N 8.81306000°E / 49.00083000; 8.81306000 (Maulbronn Monastery Complex)	Cultural:GerMau (ii), (iv)	—	1993	The Cistercian Maulbronn Monastery is considered the most complete and best-preserved medieval monastic complex north of the Alps. The main buildings were constructed between the 12th and 16th centuries, along with the monastery walls. The monastery's church, mainly in Transitional Gothic style, helped spread the Gothic style across northern and central Europe. The monastery also had a large, elaborate water-management system.[102]
Messel Pit Fossil Site		GermanyMessel,  Germany 49°55′0″N 8°45′14″E / 49.91667°N 8.75389°E / 49.91667; 8.75389 (Messel Pit Fossil Site)	Natural:GerMes (viii)	42 (100)	1995	Messel Pit is the richest site in the world for understanding the environment of the Eocene, between 57 million and 36 million years ago. In particular, it shows the early stages of mammalian evolution and includes exceptionally well-preserved mammal fossils. Some of the most notable discoveries include fully articulated skeletons and the contents of the stomachs of animals.[103]
Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System		GermanyGoslar, Upper Harz,  Germany 51°49′12″N 10°20′24″E / 51.82000°N 10.34000°E / 51.82000; 10.34000 (Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System)	Cultural:GerGos (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)	1,010 (2,500)	1992	The Upper Harz water management system was developed over a period of some 800 years to assist in mining and extracting ore. The mines and their ponds began under the Cistercian monks in the Middle Ages. However, most of the works were built from the end of the 16th century until the 19th century. It is made up of an extremely complex system of artificial ponds, small channels, tunnels and underground drains. The mines were a major site for mining innovation in the western world.[104]
Monastic Island of Reichenau		GermanyBaden-Württemberg,  Germany 47°41′55.4″N 9°3′40.7″E / 47.698722°N 9.061306°E / 47.698722; 9.061306 (Monastic Island of Reichenau)	Cultural:GerBad (iii), (iv), (vi)	—	2000	The site includes traces of the Benedictine monastery, founded in 724, which exercised remarkable spiritual, intellectual and artistic influence throughout the surrounding region. The churches of St Mary and Marcus, St Peter and St Paul, and St George, were mainly built between the 9th and 11th centuries. Their wall paintings and decorations show an impressive artistic activity.[105]
Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay		FranceManche,  France 48°38′8″N 1°30′38″W / 48.63556°N 1.51056°W / 48.63556; -1.51056 (Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay)	Cultural:FraMan (i), (iii), (vi)	6,558 (16,210)	1979	Perched on a rocky islet in the midst of vast sandbanks exposed to powerful tides between Normandy and Brittany stands a Gothic-style Benedictine abbey, and the village that grew up under its walls. Both the abbey and the village had to overcome a number of challenges due to the small, rocky island. Built between the 11th and 16th centuries, the abbey is an incredible technical and artistic project.[106]
Monte San Giorgio		SwitzerlandTicino,  Italy*   Switzerland* 45°53′20″N 8°54′50″E / 45.88889°N 8.91389°E / 45.88889; 8.91389 (Monte San Giorgio)	Natural:SwiCanTic (viii)	3,207 (7,920)	2010	The pyramid-shaped, wooded mountain of Monte San Giorgio beside Lake Lugano is regarded as the best fossil record of marine life from the Triassic Period (245–230 million years ago). The sequence records life in a tropical lagoon environment, sheltered and partially separated from the open sea by an offshore reef. Diverse marine life flourished within this lagoon, including reptiles, fish, bivalves, ammonites, echinoderms and crustaceans. Because the lagoon was near land, the remains also include land-based fossils of reptiles, insects and plants, resulting in an extremely rich source of fossils.[107]
Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin		GermanyBerlin,  Germany 52°31′11″N 13°23′55″E / 52.51972°N 13.39861°E / 52.51972; 13.39861 (Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin)	Cultural:GerBer3 (ii), (iv)	8.6 (21)	1999	The five museums on the Museumsinsel in Berlin, built between 1824 and 1930, are a unified but diverse collection of museum collections and buildings. Each museum was built to mesh with the collection and represents the aesthetic of the different times. The collections trace the development of civilizations throughout the ages.[108]
Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski		PolandUpper Lusatia,  Germany*  Poland* 51°34′46″N 14°43′35″E / 51.57944°N 14.72639°E / 51.57944; 14.72639 (Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski)	Cultural:GerUpp (i), (iv)	348 (860)	2004	A landscaped park astride the Neisse River and the border between Poland and Germany, it was created by Prince Hermann von Puckler-Muskau from 1815 to 1844. Designed as a ‘painting with plants’, it used local plants to enhance the existing landscape. The park spreads into the town of Muskau with parks and other green spaces. The site also features a reconstructed castle, bridges and an arboretum.[109]
Naumburg Cathedral		GermanyNaumburg,  Germany 51°9′17″N 11°48′14″E / 51.15472°N 11.80389°E / 51.15472; 11.80389 (Naumburg Cathedral)	Cultural:GerNau (i), (ii)	1.82 (4.5)	2018	[110]
Van Nellefabriek		NetherlandsRotterdam,  Netherlands 51°55′24″N 4°25′6″E / 51.92333°N 4.41833°E / 51.92333; 4.41833 (Van Nellefabriek)	Cultural:NetRot (ii), (iv)	6.94 (17.1)	2014	The factory was built in the 1920s as an "ideal factory", embracing the modernist and functionalist style of architecture. It was built of steel and glass with a large glass curtain wall to allow light fill the space. .[111]
Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons)		BelgiumSpiennes,  Belgium 50°25′51″N 3°58′44″E / 50.43083°N 3.97889°E / 50.43083; 3.97889 (Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons))	Cultural:BelSpi (i), (iii), (iv)	172 (430)	2000	The Neolithic flint mines at Spiennes are the largest and earliest concentration of ancient mines in Europe. They are also remarkable for the diversity of innovations used in mining and due to a nearby Neolithic settlement.[112]
New Lanark		United KingdomLanark, Scotland,  United Kingdom 55°39′48″N 3°46′59″W / 55.66333°N 3.78306°W / 55.66333; -3.78306 (New Lanark)	Cultural:UniLanSco (ii), (iv), (vi)	146 (360)	2001	Prompted by Richard Arkwright's factory system developed in the Derwent Valley, the community of New Lanark was created to provide housing for workers at the mills. Philanthropist Robert Owen bought the site and turned it into a model community, providing public facilities, education, and supporting factory reform.[113]
Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin		FranceNord-Pas de Calais,  France 50°27′45″N 3°32′46″E / 50.46250°N 3.54611°E / 50.46250; 3.54611 (Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin)	Cultural:FraNor (ii), (iv), (vi)	3,943 (9,740)	2012	[114]
Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai		BelgiumTournai,  Belgium 50°36′22″N 3°23′21″E / 50.60611°N 3.38917°E / 50.60611; 3.38917 (Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai)	Cultural:BelTou (ii), (iv)	0.5 (1.2)	2000	The Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Tournai was built in the first half of the 12th century. The nave, transept and towers are all in the romanesque style. The choir was rebuilt in the following century in the gothic style. It is one of Wallonia's major heritage sites.[115]
Old City of Bern		SwitzerlandBern,   Switzerland 46°56′53″N 7°27′1″E / 46.94806°N 7.45028°E / 46.94806; 7.45028 (Old City of Bern)	Cultural:SwiCanBer (iii)	84,684 (209,260)	1983	Founded in the 12th century on a hill site surrounded by the Aare River, Bern developed along the peninsula. Following a devastating fire, the entire town was rebuilt in a unified style. The early wooden buildings were replaced with sandstone, followed by arcades in the 15th century, arcades and fountains in the 16th century. The medieval town was rebuilt in the 18th century, but retained its earlier character.[116]
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh		United KingdomEdinburgh, Scotland,  United Kingdom 55°57′0″N 3°13′0″W / 55.95000°N 3.21667°W / 55.95000; -3.21667 (Old and New Towns of Edinburgh)	Cultural:UniEdiSco (ii), (iv)	—	1995	The Old Town of Edinburgh was founded in the Middle Ages, and the New Town was developed in 1767–1890. It contrasts the layout of settlements in the medieval and modern periods. The layout and architecture of the new town, whose designers include William Chambers and William Playfair, influenced European urban design in the 18th and 19th centuries.[117]
Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof		GermanyRegensburg,  Germany 49°1′14″N 12°5′57″E / 49.02056°N 12.09917°E / 49.02056; 12.09917 (Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof)	Cultural:GerBavReg (ii), (iii), (iv)	183 (450)	2006	This medieval town contains many notable buildings that span almost two millennia and include ancient Roman, Romanesque and Gothic buildings. Regensburg's 11th- to 13th-century architecture created a town of narrow, dark lanes flanked by tall buildings and surrounded by a city wall. It includes medieval patrician houses and towers, a large number of churches and monasteries as well as the 12th-century Old Bridge. Regensburg was a center of the Holy Roman Empire that turned to Protestantism.[118]
Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn		AustriaVienna,  Austria 48°11′12″N 16°18′48″E / 48.18667°N 16.31333°E / 48.18667; 16.31333 (Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn)	Cultural:AusVie (i), (iv)	186 (460)	1996	The residence of the Habsburg emperors from the 18th century to 1918. It was built in the rococo style as a single, unified project. It was designed by the architects Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Nicolaus Pacassi and was the site of the world's first zoo.[119]
Palace and Park of Fontainebleau		FranceFontainebleau,  France 48°24′7″N 2°41′53″E / 48.40194°N 2.69806°E / 48.40194; 2.69806 (Palace and Park of Fontainebleau)	Cultural:FraFon (ii), (vi)	144 (360)	1981	Used by the kings of France from the 12th century, the medieval royal hunting lodge of Fontainebleau was transformed, enlarged and embellished in the 16th century by François I, who wanted to make a 'New Rome' of it. Surrounded by an immense park, the Italianate palace combines Renaissance and French artistic elements.[120]
Palace and Park of Versailles		FranceVersailles,  France 48°48′18″N 2°7′10″E / 48.80500°N 2.11944°E / 48.80500; 2.11944 (Palace and Park of Versailles)	Cultural:FraVer (i), (ii), (vi)	1,070 (2,600)	1979	The Palace of Versailles was the principal residence of the French kings from the time of Louis XIV to Louis XVI. Embellished by several generations of architects, sculptors, decorators and landscape architects, it provided Europe with a model of the ideal royal residence for over a century.[121]
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin		GermanyBerlin, Potsdam,  Germany 52°23′59″N 13°1′59″E / 52.39972°N 13.03306°E / 52.39972; 13.03306 (Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin)	Cultural:GerBer4 (i), (ii), (iv)	2,064 (5,100)	1990	This site contains 500 ha (1,200 acres) of parks and 150 buildings constructed between 1730 and 1916. It extends into the district of Berlin-Zehlendorf, with the palaces and parks lining the banks of the River Havel and Lake Glienicke. Voltaire stayed at the Sans-Souci Palace, built under Frederick II between 1745 and 1747.[122]
Paris, Banks of the Seine		FranceParis,  France 48°51′30″N 2°17′39″E / 48.85833°N 2.29417°E / 48.85833; 2.29417 (Paris, Banks of the Seine)	Cultural:FraPar (i), (ii), (iv)	365 (900)	1991	The river Seine runs through the heart of Paris. The banks of the river are lined with many of Paris' most famous sites including the Louvre, the Eiffel Tower, the Place de la Concorde, the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, the Sainte Chapelle and the Grand and Petit Palais. The architecture and Haussmann's design with wide squares and boulevards influenced late 19th- and 20th-century town planning all over the world.[123]
Pilgrimage Church of Wies		GermanySteingaden,  Germany 47°40′53″N 10°54′1″E / 47.68139°N 10.90028°E / 47.68139; 10.90028 (Pilgrimage Church of Wies)	Cultural:GerSte (i), (iii)	0.1 (0.25)	1983	The Church of Wies (1745–54) is the work of architect Dominikus Zimmermann and is a masterpiece of the Bavarian Rococo.[124]
Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy		FranceNancy,  France 48°41′37″N 6°10′59″E / 48.69361°N 6.18306°E / 48.69361; 6.18306 (Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy)	Cultural:FraNan (i), (iv)	7 (17)	1983	Nancy is the oldest example of a capital city built as a unified whole and on modern principles. It was built between 1752 and 1756 by a brilliant team led by the architect Héré and is famous for the harmonious suite of axial spaces he developed, extending from the Place Stanislas to the Palais du Gouvernement.[125]
Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex		BelgiumAntwerp,  Belgium 51°13′6″N 4°23′52″E / 51.21833°N 4.39778°E / 51.21833; 4.39778 (Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex)	Cultural:BelAnt (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)	0.23 (0.57)	2005	The Plantin-Moretus Museum is a printing plant and publishing house dating from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. It is associated with the history of the invention and spread of typography. Its name refers to the greatest printer-publisher of the second half of the 16th century: Christophe Plantin (c. 1520–89). The museum contains a collection made up of the work of the most prolific printing and publishing house in Europe in the late 16th century. The building of the company, which remained in activity until 1867, contains a large collection of old printing equipment, an extensive library, archives and works of art, among them a painting by Rubens.[126]
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal		United KingdomWrexham, Wales,  United Kingdom 52°58′13″N 3°5′16″W / 52.97028°N 3.08778°W / 52.97028; -3.08778 (Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal)	Cultural:UniWreWal (i), (ii), (iv)	105 (260)	2009	The aqueduct was built to carry the Ellesmere Canal over the Dee Valley. Completed during the Industrial Revolution and designed by Thomas Telford, the aqueduct made innovative use of cast and wrought iron, influencing civil engineering across the world.[127]
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct)		FranceVers-Pont-du-Gard,  France 43°56′50″N 4°32′7″E / 43.94722°N 4.53528°E / 43.94722; 4.53528 (Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct))	Cultural:FraVer (i), (iii), (iv)	0.33 (0.82)	1985	The Pont du Gard was built shortly before the Christian era in Rome to allow the aqueduct of Nîmes (which is almost 50 km (31 mi) long) to cross the Gard river. The Roman architects and hydraulic engineers who designed this bridge created a technical as well as an artistic masterpiece. The bridge stands almost 50 m (160 ft) high and is on three levels with the longest measuring 275 m (902 ft).[128]
Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps		Austria Austria*,  France*,  Germany*,  Italy*,  Slovenia*,   Switzerland* 47°16′42″N 8°12′27″E / 47.27833°N 8.20750°E / 47.27833; 8.20750 (Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps)	Cultural:Swi (iv), (v)	3,961 (9,790)	2011	Contains 111 small individual sites with the remains of prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements in and around the Alps built from around 5000 to 500 BC on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands. While only some of the sites have been excavated, they contain a wealth of information on life and trade in agrarian Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures in Alpine Europe. Fifty-six of the sites are located in Switzerland.[129]
Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley		FranceLascaux,  France 45°3′27″N 1°10′12″E / 45.05750°N 1.17000°E / 45.05750; 1.17000 (Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley)	Cultural:FraLas (i), (iii)	—	1979	The Vézère valley contains 147 prehistoric sites dating from the Palaeolithic and 25 decorated caves. The most interesting discoveries are the cave paintings, especially those of the Lascaux Cave, whose discovery in 1940 was of great importance for the history of prehistoric art. The hunting scenes show some 100 animal figures with remarkable color and detail.[130]
Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs		FranceProvins,  France 48°33′35″N 3°17′56″E / 48.55972°N 3.29889°E / 48.55972; 3.29889 (Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs)	Cultural:FraPro (ii), (iv)	108 (270)	2001	The fortified medieval town of Provins is situated in the former territory of the powerful Counts of Champagne. It was a center of international trading fairs and the wool industry. Many parts of the town were built especially for the fairs and markets.[131]
Pyrénées – Mont Perdu		FranceHautes-Pyrénées and Province of Huesca,  France*  Spain* 42°41′8″N 0°0′2″E / 42.68556°N 0.00056°E / 42.68556; 0.00056 (Pyrénées - Mont Perdu)	Mixed:FraHau (iii), (iv), (v), (vii), (viii)	30,639 (75,710)	1997	This mountain landscape, which crosses the French and Spanish borders is centred around the peak of Mount Perdu. Mount Perdu is a calcareous massif that rises to 3,352 m (10,997 ft). The site includes two of Europe's largest and deepest canyons on the Spanish side and three major cirque valleys on the French side. In addition to the mountains, the site includes the cultural lifestyle of the seasonal herding migration in the mountains. This was one a common a way of life in the mountain valleys in Europe, but now mostly survives only in isolated areas such as this region in the Pyrénées.[132]
Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes		SwitzerlandGraubünden and Tirano,  Italy*   Switzerland* 46°29′54″N 9°50′47″E / 46.49833°N 9.84639°E / 46.49833; 9.84639 (Rhaetian Railway)	Cultural:SwiGra (ii) (iv)	109,386 (270,300)	2008	The Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes, brings together two historic railway lines that cross the Swiss Alps through those two passes. The railways provided a rapid and easy route into many formerly isolated alpine settlements. Building the railroads required overcoming a number of technical challenges with bridges and tunnels.[133]
Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House)		NetherlandsUtrecht,  Netherlands 52°5′7″N 5°8′50″E / 52.08528°N 5.14722°E / 52.08528; 5.14722 (Rietveld Schröder House)	Cultural:NetUtr (i), (ii)	—	2000	The Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht was built in 1924. A small family house with flexible interior rooms and a unique exterior. It is an example of the De Stijl group of artists and architects from the 1920s, and is an example of the Modern Movement in architecture.[134]
Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier		GermanyTrier,  Germany 49°45′0″N 6°37′59″E / 49.75000°N 6.63306°E / 49.75000; 6.63306 (Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier)	Cultural:GerTri (i)(iii), (iv), (vi)	—	1986	The Roman colony at Trier was founded in the 1st century AD. It grew into a major town and became one of the capitals of the Tetrarchy at the end of the 3rd century. Many of the Roman era structures are still standing in Trier. The cathedral is the oldest church in Germany, being built on the ruins of Roman buildings by Maximin of Trier in 329–346.[135]
Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange		FranceOrange,  France 44°8′9″N 4°48′30″E / 44.13583°N 4.80833°E / 44.13583; 4.80833 (Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange)	Cultural:FraOra (iii), (vi)	9.45 (23.4)	1981	The ancient theatre of Orange, is one of the best preserved of all the great Roman theatres. The theatre features an intact 103 m (338 ft) facade. The Roman arch was built between A.D. 10 and 25 as a triumphal arch during the reign of Augustus.[136]
Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France		France France 45°11′3″N 0°43′23″E / 45.18417°N 0.72306°E / 45.18417; 0.72306 (Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France)	Cultural:Fra2 (ii), (iv), (vi)	—	1998	The site consists of a number of churches and hospitals that are places related to the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Western Spain, a part of the Way of Saint James.[137]
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew		United KingdomLondon, England,  United Kingdom 51°28′55″N 0°17′39″E / 51.48194°N 0.29417°E / 51.48194; 0.29417 (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)	Cultural:UniLon2 (ii), (iii), (iv)	132 (330)	2003	Created in 1759, the influential Kew Gardens were designed by Charles Bridgeman, William Kent, Capability Brown, and William Chambers. The gardens were used to study botany and ecology and furthered the understanding of the subjects.[138]
From the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, the Production of Open-pan Salt		FranceArc-et-Senans, Salins-les-Bains,  France 46°56′15″N 5°52′35″E / 46.93750°N 5.87639°E / 46.93750; 5.87639 (Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans)	Cultural:FraArc (i), (ii), (iv)	10.48 (25.9)	1982	This site consists of two open pan saltworks. The Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans was built in 1775 during the reign of Louis XVI. It was built according to the principles of the Enlightenment, with a rational organization and layout. The other site, the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains was active for at least 1200 years until stopping activity in 1962. The Saltworks of Salins has an underground gallery from the 13th century along with a 19th-century hydraulic pump and a boiler house. From 1780 to 1895, its salt water traveled through 21 km (13 mi) of wood pipes to the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans.[139]
Saltaire		United KingdomCity of Bradford, England,  United Kingdom 53°50′21″N 1°47′18″W / 53.83917°N 1.78833°W / 53.83917; -1.78833 (Saltaire)	Cultural:United Kingdom (ii), (iv)	20 (49)	2001	Saltaire was founded by mill-owner Titus Salt as a model village for his workers. The site, which includes the Salts Mill, featured public buildings for the inhabitants and was an example of 19th century paternalism.[140]
Schokland and Surroundings		NetherlandsNoordoostpolder,  Netherlands 52°38′19″N 5°46′18″E / 52.63861°N 5.77167°E / 52.63861; 5.77167 (Schokland and Surroundings)	Cultural:NetNoo (iii), (v)	1,306 (3,230)	1995	Schokland was a peninsula on the Zuider Zee that became an island by the 15th century. When the waters rose, it was abandoned in 1859. However, after the draining of the Zuider Zee in the 1940s, it was once again repopulated.[141]
Semmering railway		AustriaGloggnitz, Simmering in Styria,  Austria 47°38′56″N 15°49′41″E / 47.64889°N 15.82806°E / 47.64889; 15.82806 (Semmering railway)	Cultural:AusGlo (ii), (iv)	156 (390)	1998	The Semmering Railway, was built between 1848 and 1854 and covers 41 km (25 mi) of rugged mountains. This project was undertaken in the early days of railroad construction and required a number of innovations. The tunnels, viaducts and other works are still in use today.[142]
Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht		NetherlandsAmsterdam,  Netherlands 52°21′54″N 4°53′16″E / 52.36500°N 4.88778°E / 52.36500; 4.88778 (Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht)	Cultural:NetAmsSev (i), (ii), (iv)	198 (490)	2010	By strategically draining the swamp land surrounding the port city via canal digging, Amsterdam quickly became a force in long-term city-planning, filling concentric voids with housing and infrastructure that would later accommodate the influx of free-thinking Europeans who help the city prosper.[143]
Sceilg Mhichíl		IrelandCounty Kerry,  Ireland 51°46′19″N 10°32′19″W / 51.77194°N 10.53861°W / 51.77194; -10.53861 (Sceilg Mhichíl)	Cultural:IreCou (iii), (iv)	22 (54)	1996	The monastery at Skellig Michael is from the 7th century. It is located on the rocky island of Skellig Michael, some 12 km (7.5 mi) off the coast of south-west Ireland. It shows the harsh and spartan lives of the first Irish Christians.[144]
Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus		GermanyHamburg,  Germany 53°32′36″N 9°59′31″E / 53.54333°N 9.99194°E / 53.54333; 9.99194 (Speicherstadt)	Cultural:GerSpei (iv)	26 (64)	2015	The district's name means "warehouse district" in German. Located in the port of Hamburg, it is the largest warehouse district in the world where the buildings stand on timber-pile foundations, oak logs, in this particular case. It was built from 1883 to 1927, as a free zone to transfer goods without paying customs.[145]
Speyer Cathedral		GermanySpeyer,  Germany 49°19′0″N 8°26′35″E / 49.31667°N 8.44306°E / 49.31667; 8.44306 (Speyer Cathedral)	Cultural:GerSpey (ii)	—	1981	The romanesque Speyer Cathedral, was founded by Conrad II in 1030 and remodelled at the end of the 11th century. It was one of the grandest romanesque cathedrals in the Holy Roman Empire and the burial place of German emperors for almost 300 years.[146]
St Kilda		United KingdomSt Kilda, Scotland,  United Kingdom 57°49′2″N 8°34′36″W / 57.81722°N 8.57667°W / 57.81722; -8.57667 (St Kilda)	Mixed:UniStkSco (iii), (v), (vii), (ix), (x)	24,201 (59,800)	1986	Although inhabited for over 2,000 years, the isolated archipelago of St Kilda has had no permanent residents since 1930. The islands' human heritage includes various unique architectural features from the historic and prehistoric periods. St Kilda is also a breeding ground for many important seabird species including the world's largest colony of gannets and up to 136,000 pairs of puffins.[147][148]
St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim		GermanyHildesheim,  Germany 52°9′10″N 9°56′38″E / 52.15278°N 9.94389°E / 52.15278; 9.94389 (St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim)	Cultural:GerHil (i), (ii), (iii)	0.58 (1.4)	1985	The site consists of two churches in Hildesheim. The Ottonian romanesque St Michael's Church was built between 1010 and 1020. Inside it is decorated with a notable wooden ceiling, painted stucco-work, and the Bernward Column. The treasures of the Romanesque Hildesheim Cathedral contain the Bernward Doors, the Hezilo chandelier and the Azelin chandelier.[149]
Stoclet House		BelgiumBrussels,  Belgium 50°50′6″N 4°24′58″E / 50.83500°N 4.41611°E / 50.83500; 4.41611 (Stoclet House)	Cultural:BelBru3 (i), (ii)	0.86 (2.1)	2009	This house was built by the architect Josef Hoffmann for the banker Adolphe Stoclet starting in 1905. The house and garden were completed in 1911 and the angular undecorated design marked a turning point in Art Nouveau movement. The house is an excellent example of the Vienna Secession movement in art and architecture. The house is decorated with works by Koloman Moser and Gustav Klimt.[150]
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites		United KingdomWiltshire, England,  United Kingdom 51°10′44″N 1°49′31″W / 51.17889°N 1.82528°W / 51.17889; -1.82528 (Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites)	Cultural:UniWil (i), (ii), (iii)	4,985 (12,320)	1986	The Neolithic sites of Avebury and Stonehenge are two of the largest and most famous megalithic monuments in the world. They relate to man's interaction with his environment. The purpose of the henges has been a source of speculation, with suggestions ranging from ceremonial to interpreting the cosmos. "Associated sites" includes Silbury Hill, Beckhampton Avenue, and West Kennet Avenue.[151]
Strasbourg, Grande île and Neustadt		FranceStrasbourg,  France 48°34′53″N 7°43′48″E / 48.58139°N 7.73000°E / 48.58139; 7.73000 (Strasbourg – Grande île)	Cultural:FraStr (i), (ii), (iv)	183 (450); buffer zone 708 (1,750)	1988[nb 3]	The Grande Ile (Big Island) is the historic center of the Alsatian capital and includes a number of historic buildings. Some of the most notable include the cathedral, the four ancient churches and the Palais Rohan (the former residence of the prince-bishops).[152]
Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey		United KingdomNorth Yorkshire, England,  United Kingdom 54°6′58″N 1°34′23″W / 54.11611°N 1.57306°W / 54.11611; -1.57306 (Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey)	Cultural:UniNor (i), (iv)	309 (760)	1986	Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid-16th century, Fountains Abbey was one of the largest and richest Cistercian abbeys in Britain and is one of only a few that survives from the 12th century. The later garden, which incorporates the abbey, survives to a large extent in its original design and influenced garden design in Europe.[153]
Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch		SwitzerlandCantons of Bern and Valais,   Switzerland 46°30′0″N 8°1′59″E / 46.50000°N 8.03306°E / 46.50000; 8.03306 (Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch)	Natural:SwiBer2 (vii), (viii), (ix)	82,400 (204,000)	2007	The site includes several of the highest mountains in the Central Alps along with the largest glacier in Eurasia. The landscape provides information on the succession of plants after the retreat of a glacier and allows study of the retreat of glaciers resulting from climate change. The impressive landscape has also played an important role in European art, literature, mountaineering and tourism.[154]
Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona		SwitzerlandGlarus, St. Gallen and Graubünden,   Switzerland 46°55′0″N 9°15′0″E / 46.91667°N 9.25000°E / 46.91667; 9.25000 (Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona)	Natural:SwiCanGla (viii)	32,850 (81,200)	2008	The Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona in the north-eastern part of the country covers a mountainous area which features seven peaks that rise above 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The area displays an exceptional example of mountain building through continental collision and displays a clear example of tectonic thrust, i.e. the process whereby older, deeper rocks are carried onto younger, shallower rocks. The site has been a key site for the geological sciences since the 18th century.[155]
Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzona		SwitzerlandBellinzona,   Switzerland 46°11′35″N 9°1′21″E / 46.19306°N 9.02250°E / 46.19306; 9.02250 (Three Castles of Bellinzona)	Cultural:SwiCanTic (iv)	5 (12)	2000	The Bellinzona site consists of a group of fortifications grouped around the castle of Castelgrande, which stands on a rocky peak looking out over the entire Ticino valley. Running from the castle, a series of fortified walls protect the ancient town and block the passage through the valley. A second castle (Montebello) forms an integral part of the fortifications, while a third but separate castle (Sasso Corbaro) was built on an isolated rocky promontory south-east of the other fortifications.[156]
Tower of London		United KingdomLondon, England,  United Kingdom 51°30′29″N 0°4′34″W / 51.50806°N 0.07611°W / 51.50806; -0.07611 (Tower of London)	Cultural:UniLon3 (ii), (iv)	—	1988	Begun by William the Conqueror in 1066 during the Norman conquest of England, the Tower of London is a symbol of power and an example of Norman military architecture that spread across England. Additions by Henry III and Edward I in the 13th century made the castle one of the most influential buildings of its kind in England.[157]
Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen		GermanyBremen,  Germany 53°4′34″N 8°48′27″E / 53.07611°N 8.80750°E / 53.07611; 8.80750 (Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen)	Cultural:GerBre (iii), (iv), (vi)	0.29 (0.72)	2004	The site consists of the Town Hall and the statue of Roland that stands near the town hall. The town hall was built in the 15th century when Bremen joined the Hanseatic League. It was renovated in the 17th century and a new Town Hall was built nearby in the early 20th. Under the Holy Roman Empire, Bremen had extensive autonomy which allowed the town to grow and made the town hall a center of power. Both the old and new Town Halls survived bombings during World War II. The statue of Roland was built in 1404. It stands 5.5 m (18 ft) high.[158]
Town of Bamberg		GermanyBamberg,  Germany 49°53′30″N 10°53′20″E / 49.89167°N 10.88889°E / 49.89167; 10.88889 (Town of Bamberg)	Cultural:GerBam (ii)(iv)	142 (350)	1993	In 1007, Bamberg became the center of a dioesce that was intended to help spread Christianity to the Slavs. During the 12th century the Bishops of Bamberg began a program of monumental public construction. The architecture that developed influenced construction in northern Germany and Hungary. In the 18th century it became a center of the Enlightenment when writers such as Hegel and Hoffmann settled in the town.[159]
Upper Middle Rhine Valley		GermanyRhineland-Palatinate, Hesse,  Germany 50°10′25″N 7°41′39″E / 50.17361°N 7.69417°E / 50.17361; 7.69417 (Upper Middle Rhine Valley)	Cultural:GerRhi (ii), (iv), (v)	27,250 (67,300)	2002	A 65 km (40 mi) stretch of the Middle Rhine Valley in Germany. The region is home to many castles, historic towns and vineyards and has been an inspirition for many writers, artists and composers.[160]
Vézelay, Church and Hill		FranceVézelay,  France 47°27′59″N 3°44′54″E / 47.46639°N 3.74833°E / 47.46639; 3.74833 (Vézelay, Church and Hill)	Cultural:FraVez (i), (vi)	183 (450)	1979	The Benedictine abbey of Vézelay has existed since the 9th century and has been an important pilgrimage site since that time. Bernard of Clairvaux preached the crowd into a frenzy to start the Second Crusade in 1146 at Vézelay. Leaders in the Third Crusade Richard the Lion-Hearted and Philip II of France assembled at the abbey before they left on the Crusade.[161]
Völklingen Ironworks		GermanyVölklingen,  Germany 49°14′40″N 6°50′59″E / 49.24444°N 6.84972°E / 49.24444; 6.84972 (Völklingen Ironworks)	Cultural:GerVöl (ii), (iv)	6 (15)	1994	The recently closed ironworks are the only intact example in western Europe and North America of an intact ironworks built in the 19th and 20th centuries.[162]
Wachau Cultural Landscape		AustriaWachau,  Austria 48°21′52″N 15°26′3″E / 48.36444°N 15.43417°E / 48.36444; 15.43417 (Wachau Cultural Landscape)	Cultural:AusWac (ii), (iv)	18,387 (45,440)	2000	The Wachau is a 40 km (25 mi) long valley along the Danube river between Melk and Krems. The valley was settled in prehistoric times and has been an important region since then. It is home to a number of historic towns, villages, monasteries, castles and ruins.[163]
Wadden Sea		Germany Denmark*,  Germany*,  Netherlands* 53°31′43″N 8°33′22″E / 53.52861°N 8.55611°E / 53.52861; 8.55611 (The Wadden Sea)	Natural:Ger2 (viii), (ix), (x)	968,393 (2,392,950)	2009[nb 4]	The Wadden Sea contains the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. The coast line is generally flat and has may mudflats, marshes and dunes. The site covers two-thirds of the entire Wadden Sea and is home to many plant and animal species. It is a breeding ground for up to 12 million birds annually and supports more than 10 percent of the population of 29 species. Was expanded in 2011 to include the German Wadden Sea National Park of Hamburg and in 2014 to include the Danish part of the Wadden Sea.[164]
Wartburg Castle		GermanyEisenach,  Germany 50°58′0″N 10°18′25″E / 50.96667°N 10.30694°E / 50.96667; 10.30694 (Wartburg Castle)	Cultural:GerEis (iii), (vi)	—	1999	Wartburg Castle is located on a 410 m (1230 ft) precipice above Eisenach. It expanded in several sections and only a few of the medieval structures still remain. The castle was rebuilt in the 19th century to its present appearance. Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German while in exile at Wartburg.[165]
Water Management System of Augsburg		GermanyAugsburg,  Germany 48°21′56″N 10°54′07″E / 48.36556°N 10.90194°E / 48.36556; 10.90194 (Augsburg)	Cultural:GerEis (ii), (iv)	112 (280)	2019	The water systems of Augsburg were built between the 14th century and today. A network of canals, water towers, pumping equipment and hydroelectric power stations have provided drinking water and power for the city for centuries.[166]
Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church		United KingdomLondon, England,  United Kingdom 51°29′59″N 0°7′43″W / 51.49972°N 0.12861°W / 51.49972; -0.12861 (Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church)	Cultural:UniLon4 (i), (ii), (iv)	10 (25)	1987	The site has been involved in the administration of England since the 11th century, and later the United Kingdom. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror, all English and British monarchs have been crowned at Westminster Abbey. Westminster Palace, home to the British Parliament, is an example of Gothic Revival architecture; St Margaret's Church is the palace's parish church, and although it pre-dates the palace and was built in the 11th century, it has been rebuilt since.[167][168][169]
Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square		GermanyWürzburg,  Germany 49°47′34″N 9°56′20″E / 49.79278°N 9.93889°E / 49.79278; 9.93889 (Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square)	Cultural:GerWür (i), (iv)	15 (37)	1981	The large and ornate Baroque palace was created under the patronage of the prince-bishops Lothar Franz and Friedrich Carl von Schönborn. It is one of the largest palaces in Germany.[170]
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen		GermanyEssen,  Germany 51°29′29″N 7°2′46″E / 51.49139°N 7.04611°E / 51.49139; 7.04611 (Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen)	Cultural:GerEss (ii), (iii)	—	2001	The Zollverein industrial complex in Nordrhein-Westfalen contains all the equipment of a historic coal mine which started operation about 150 years ago. Some of the 20th-century buildings are also notable.[171]

See also

• List of World Heritage Sites in Austria
• List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium
• List of World Heritage Sites in France
• List of World Heritage Sites in Germany
• List of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg
• List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands
• List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
• List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
• List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

Notes

References