Lijevi centar

Crvena zastava, simbol pokreta ljevice i lijevog centra
Crvena ruža, simbol demokracije i anti-autoritarizma u načinu djelovanja protiv društvenih nepravdi[1][2][3]

Lijevi centar ili umjerena ljevica, u političkoj teoriji, je naziv za poziciju na političkom spektru.

Označava političke ideje, političke stranke i političke pokrete koji po svojim temeljnim programskim određenjima pripadaju političkoj ljevici, ali u svojoj praktičnoj platformi imaju dosta kompromisnih sadržaja što ih približava političkom centru, te ih se zbog toga ne može nazvati političkom ljevicom u klasičnom smislu.

Političke stranke i organizacije koje se smatraju lijevim centrom najčešće nastoje pronaći kompromis između socijalno-odgovornih i pragmatičnih sadržaja u svojim programima. Od njih su najpoznatije stranke, organizacije i pokreti socijaldemokratske orijentacije, koji se najčešće nazivaju lijevim centrom.

Pojam lijevog centra se često koristi i za opis koalicije koju čine stranke ljevice i centra.

Lijevi centar na političkom spektru predstavlja ljevicu okrenutu političkom pragmatizmu.[4][5] Pragmatična politika lijevog centra se usmjerava samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru ustanova predstavničke, parlamentarne demokracije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovesti djelimičnu promjenu putem aktivne ekonomske uloge javnog sektora, javnih institucija i servisa koji bi trebalo da rade na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulirani, liberalni model kapitalizma.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Praktično ostvarenje takve djelimične promjene u okviru ustanova parlamentarne demokracije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije uobičajeno se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.[8][12][13][14][15] Lijevi centar se smatra umjerenom strujom u suvremenom ljevičarskom pokretu.[16][17][18][19]

Karakteristike

Obilježja lijevog centra:[11][20][21]

  • ostvarenje, poštivanje, zaštita i unapređenje temeljnih ljudskih prava i sloboda, bez diskriminacije na bilo kojoj osnovi, kao što su: rasa, boja kože, društveno podrijetlo, nacionalno podrijetlo, etnička pripadnost, veza sa manjinskim narodom ili manjinskom zajednicom, jezik, vjeroispovijest ili uvjerenje, političko ili drugo mišljenje, članstvo u političkoj, sindikalnoj ili drugoj organizaciji, spol, rodni identitet, seksualna orijentacija, spolne karakteristike, bračni ili obiteljski status, rođenje, starosna dob, društveni status, imovinsko stanje, genetičke karakteristike, zdravstveno stanje, invaliditet ili drugo osobno svojstvo;
  • ostvarenje i razvijanje demokratskih institucija, vladavine zakona i socijalne odgovornosti;
  • razvijanje prava i sloboda zapostavljenih i obespravljenih pojedinaca, društvenih skupina i slojeva;
  • razvijanje prava ljudi na rad, sindikalno organiziranje, zdravstvenu skrb, obrazovanje i socijalnu skrb;
  • održivi ekonomski razvoj, uz razvijanje ravnomjernog razvoja urbanih i ruralnih područja;
  • afirmiranje rodne ravnopravnosti;
  • razvijanje pluralističkog i solidarnog društva koje unapređuje kvalitet života za radnice i radnike, ugrožene slojeve i cjelokupno društvo;
  • ubrzavanje društvenog i znanstveno-tehnološkog napretka;
  • afirmiranje načela svjetovnosti;
  • unapređenje uravnoteženosti lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja;
  • zaštita kulturnog i prirodnog nasljeđa, te okoliša i životinja;
  • promoviranje mirnog i diplomatskog načina rješavanja sporova i sukoba;
  • korištenje demokratskih i nenasilnih parlamentarnih i izvanparlamentarnih oblika djelovanja i opiranje svim nedemokratskim, autoritarnim i totalitarnim oblicima djelovanja.

Umjerena progresivna stranka u matičnom toku zemlje koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokraciji i tržišnoj kapitalističkoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u nižoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao politička stranka lijevog centra.[22][23] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije srednje i niže klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa historijom podrške i učešća u emancipacijskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.[24][25][26][27]

Političke stranke lijevog centra, kao i druge suvremene ljevičarske stranke, uobičajeno ističu sljedeće vrijednosti:[28]

  • sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, nego i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratskog sudjelovanja i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zlouporabe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
  • jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, nego i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
  • solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i saosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde, neravnopravnosti ili nezgodnog sticaja okolnosti, te osobna spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava. Ovo načelo podrazumijeva i razvijanje institucionalnih oblika solidarnosti, te internacionalne solidarnosti.
Klement Atli, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Velike Britanije (1945-1951)
Vili Brant, umjereni ljevičar i kancelar Nemačke (1969-1974)
Ulof Palme, umjereni ljevičar i premijer Švedske (1969-1976 i 1982-1986)
Helen Klark, umjerena ljevičarka i premijerka Novog Zelanda (1999-2008)

Lijevi centar se opire svakom obliku autoritarizma i jednopartizma.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Stoga, lijevi centar se opire konceptima jednopartijske vladavine takozvanih komunističkih partija 20. stoljeća.[37][38][39]

Popis političkih stranaka lijevog centra i umjerene ljevice

Popis političara lijevog centra i umjerene ljevice

Povezano

Izvori

  1. "About Our Logo". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives. New York University. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  2. "Metropolitan. v.38 1913". HathiTrust. p. 63. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  3. "Most's Meeting". Indianapolis Indiana State Sentinel. September 21, 1887. p. 1 Column 1.
  4. Blaazer, David (2002) [1992]. The Popular Front and the Progressive Tradition: Socialists, Liberals, and the Quest for Unity, 1884–1939. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-41383-1. pp.
  5. Understanding Social Democracy (PDF). What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016.
  6. Notermans, Ton (2000). Money, Markets, and the State: Social Democratic Economic Policies since 1918. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-63339-0. pp.
  7. Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag Einar (2013). The Nordic Model of Social Democracy. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-1-137-01326-2. pp.
  8. 8,0 8,1 Sejersted, Francis (2011). Adams, Madeleine B., ur. The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century. Prevod: Daly, Richard. Princeton University Press. . ISBN 978-0-691-14774-1. pp.
  9. Berman, Sheri (1998). The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. . ISBN 978-0-674-44261-0. pp.
  10. Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers. . ISBN 978-1-56072-975-4. pp.
  11. 11,0 11,1 Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, ur. (2011). „Social Democracy”. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. 8. Sage Publications. . ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6. pp.
  12. Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (2013). „Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy”. London: Fabian Society. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
  13. Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2006). „The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology”. Scientific American. sv. 295 br. 5. New York. str. 42. ISSN 0036-8733. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 12. 10. 2007. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
  14. Upchurch, Martin; Taylor, Graham; Mathers, Andrew (2009). The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives. Contemporary Employment Relations. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. . ISBN 978-0-7546-7053-7. pp.
  15. Fitzpatrick, Tony (2003). After the New Social Democracy: Social Welfare for the Twenty-First Century. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-6477-7. pp.
  16. Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, John E. (1992). „Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation”. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (3): 101—116. ISSN 0895-3309
  17. Britain, Ian (2005) [1982]. Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, c. 1884–1918. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-02129-6. pp.
  18. Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-7362-5. pp.
  19. Janowsky, Oscar Isaiah (1959). Foundations of Israel: Emergence of a Welfare State. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand.
  20. Meyer, Thomas; Hinchman, Lewis P. (2007). The Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. . ISBN 978-0-7456-4113-3. pp.
  21. • Hoefer, Richard (2013). „Social Welfare Policy and Politics”. Colby, Ira C.; Dolmus, Catherine N.; Sowers, Karen M. Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. . ISBN 978-1-118-17700-6. pp.
  22. Jackson, Ben (2008). „Social Democracy”. Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 7 (2nd edition). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5. pp.
  23. Ishay, Michelle R. (2008) [2005]. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley: University of California Press. . ISBN 978-0-520-25641-5. pp.
  24. Hudson, Kate (2012). The New European Left: A Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-0-230-24876-2. pp.
  25. Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. . ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. pp.
  26. Harrington, Michael (2011) [1989]. Socialism: Past and Future. New York: Arcade Publishing. . ISBN 978-1-61145-335-5. pp.
  27. Schweickart, David (2007). „Democratic Socialism”. Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. . ISBN 978-1-4129-1812-1. pp.
  28. Tansey, Stephen D.; Jackson, Nigel (2008). Politics: The Basics. London: Routledge. . ISBN 978-0-415-42244-4. pp.
  29. (2006). The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-81799-8. pp.
  30. Evans, Bryan; Schmidt, Ingo, ur. (2012). Social Democracy After the Cold War. Edmonton, Alberta: Athabasca University Press. . ISBN 978-1-926836-87-4. pp.
  31. Kenworthy, Lane (2014). Social Democratic America. New York: Oxford University Press. . ISBN 978-0-19-932251-0. pp.
  32. Cronin, James E.; Ross, George W.; Shoch, James (2011). What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. . ISBN 978-0-8223-5079-8. pp.
  33. Rubinstein, David (2006). The Labour Party and British Society: 1880–2005. Brighton, England: Sussex University Press. . ISBN 978-1-84519-055-2. pp.
  34. Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. . ISBN 978-1-906791-46-9. pp.
  35. Orlow, Dietrich (2000). Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969. New York: Berghahn Books. . ISBN 978-1-57181-185-1. pp.
  36. Edinger, Lewis Joachim (1956). German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the Nazi Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  37. Childs, David (2000). The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism since 1945. London: Routledge. . ISBN 978-0-415-22195-5. pp.
  38. Bogdanor, Vernon (1985). „The Social Democratic Party and the Alliance”. Ur.: Burch, Martin; Jaenicke, Douglas; Gardner, John. Three Political Systems: A Reader in British, Soviet and American Politics. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-1085-9. pp.
  39. Van Oudenaren, John (1991). Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. . ISBN 978-0-8223-1133-1. pp.
  40. Martti Ahtisaari: a New Kind of President for an Era of Change by Jaakko Iloniemi
  41. „Commission for Racial Equality: Clement Attlee Lecture: Trevor Phillips's speech, 21 April 2005”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-08-16. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  42. Eduard Bernstein Reference Archive
  43. Rubén Berríos Martínez
  44. „UXL Newsmakers: Rodrigo Borja Cevallos”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-07-09. Pristupljeno 2012-07-09. 
  45. Encyclopædia Britannica: Willy Brandt
  46. Hjalmar Branting: The Nobel Peace Prize 1921
  47. 47,0 47,1 47,2 „The Canadian Encyclopedia: Social Democracy”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-11-29. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  48. „Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Harry Walker Lecturing Agency”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-06-10. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  49. Government of Sweden: Governments and Prime Ministers since 1900
  50. BBC News: Profile of Helen Clark
  51. The Canadian Encyclopedia: Social Democracy[mrtav link]
  52. „Kemal Derviş: Curriculum Vitae”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2003-04-03. Pristupljeno 2003-04-03. 
  53. The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation: Ruth Dreifuss
  54. BBC News: Bulent Ecevit: Survivor finally falls
  55. Encyclopædia Britannica: Tag Erlander
  56. „Voice of America News: Gorbachev Says Russia Reversing Democratic Freedoms, US Acting Unilaterally”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-05-23. Pristupljeno 2011-05-23. 
  57. Encyclopædia Britannica: Per Albin Hansson
  58. Eurasia Daily Monitor: Ilves wins Estonia's Presidency
  59. History of the Social Democratic Populist Party (of Turkey)
  60. „Paul Keating: Australian Launch of the International Year for the World's Indigenous People”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-02-08. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  61. George Bush (41) Presidential Library and Museum: The Diary of Friedrich Kellner
  62. Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy Since 1980, Ch. 4, p.80
  63. „Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets.”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-07-13. Pristupljeno 2012-07-13. 
  64. Germany: What is Oskar Lafontaine up to?
  65. „New Democratic Party: Jack's Biography”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-05-06. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  66. Julius Leber: A Biography
  67. Encyclopædia Britannica: Wilhelm Liebknecht
  68. „Mandela is 'greatest political hero'”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-10-15. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  69. Encyclopædia Britannica: Olaf Palme
  70. Encyclopædia Britannica: Andreas Papandreou
  71. Encyclopædia Britannica: Göran Persson
  72. „The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-02-04. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  73. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
  74. The Guardian: Is this the face of France's first Madame la Présidente?
  75. „The Monthly: Howard's Brutopia: What the Prime Minister doesn't want to talk about by Kevin Rudd”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-10-11. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  76. „The President of the Republic of Estonia: August Rei”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-09-27. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  77. BBC News: Profile: Manuel Rosales
  78. „Encyclopædia Britannica: Giuseppe Saragat”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-10-15. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  79. „Prime Ministers of New Zealand: Michael Joseph Savage”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2002-12-07. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 
  80. Encyclopædia Britannica: Throvald Stauning
  81. CBC: A new brand of Canadian social democracy
  82. „José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero: President of the Government and Secretary General of the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-11-27. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14. 

Literatura

  • Barbieri, Pierpaolo (25 April 2017). "The Death and Life of Social Democracy". Foreign Affairs.
  • Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE Publications. p. 448. ISBN 978-1412918121
  • Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1 March 1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies: Second Edition. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 80. ISBN 978-0826451736.
  • Curian, George Thomas; Alt, James E.; Chambers, Simone; Garrett, Geoffrey; Levi, Margaret; McClain, Paula D (12 October 2010). The Encyclopedia of Political Science Set. CQ Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-1933116440.
  • Sargent Tower, Lyman (2009). Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis (14th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Draper, Hal (1966). "The Two Souls of Socialism". New Politics.
  • Hain, Peter (1995). Ayes to the Left. Lawrence and Wishart.
  • Bernstein, Eduard (1899). "Evolutionary Socialism". Marxists Internet Archive.
  • Bevan, Aneurin (1952). In Place of Fear.
  • Tarnoff, Ben (12 July 2017). "How social media saved socialism". The Guardian.
  • Batson, Andrew (March 2017). "The State of the State Sector". Gavekal Dragonomics.
  • Morley, James W. (1993). Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region.
  • Kerr, Roger (9 December 1999). "Optimism for the New Millennium".
  • Jackson, Samuel (6 January 2012). "The failure of American political speech". The Economist.
  • Zimmerman, Klaus (19 February 2010). "Social Democracy in America?". The Atlantic.
  • Lerer, Lisa (16 July 2009). "Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses?". Politico.
  • Powell, Michael (6 November 2006). "Exceedingly Social But Doesn't Like Parties". The Washington Post.
  • Carlock, Greg; McElwee, Sean (18 September 2018). "Why the Best New Deal Is a Green New Deal". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378.
  • "Resolution: Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal" (PDF). U.S. House of Representatives.
  • Rizzo, Salvador (11 February 2019). "Fact Checker: What's actually in the 'Green New Deal' from Democrats?". The Washington Post.
  • "An Open Call to All Progressive Forces". Progressive International. 30 November 2018.
  • Engels, Friedrich (1885). England in 1845 and in 1885. Cited in Hollander 2011
  • Luxemburg, Rosa. Reform or Revolution.
  • Engels, Friedrich (2004). Collected Works, Volume 50. New York: International Publishers.
  • Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie, eds. (2016). The Handbook of Neoliberalism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138844001.
  • "Declaration of principles". Socialist International. 22 June 1989.
  • Arora, N.D. (2010). Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First. South-Western College Pub. p. 152. ISBN 0-618-26181-8.
  • Tom Angier (8 February 2017). "What French philosophy can tell us about the EU, nationhood, and the decline of social democracy".
  • Jörg Michael Dostal (19 December 2016). "The Crisis of German Social Democracy Revisited". The Political Quarterly.
  • Espen Goffeng (12 September 2017). "En venstreside på villspor".
  • G. R. Searle (2004). A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918. ISBN 9780198207146.
  • Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?. Oxford University Press.
  • Gregoire, Carolyn (10 September 2013). "The Happiest Countries In The World". The Huffington Post.
  • Conley, Julia (20 March 2019). "Social Democratic Nations Rank Happiest on Global Index (Again).". Common Dreams.
  • Radcliff, Benjamin (25 September 2013). "Western nations with social safety net happier". CNN.
  • "Hjalmar Branting: The Nobel Peace Prize 1921".
  • "Encyclopædia Britannica: Wilhelm Liebknecht".

Vanjske veze

Lijevi centar na Wikimedijinoj ostavi
  • Socialdemocrat.org Arhivirano 2006-04-12 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Radovi na temu budućnosti kanadske socijaldemokracije
  • Socialdemocracia.org (na španjolskom)
  • Canadian Encylopedia: Social democracy Arhivirano 2011-11-29 na Wayback Machine-u
  • Socijaldemokracija u nedovršenoj globalnoj revoluciji (engleski)
  • Kriza Socijaldemokracije od Rose Luxemburg (engleski)
  • Novi Plamen - lijevi list koji iznosi i socijaldemokratske stavove