Immanuel Velikovsky

Immanuel Velikovsky
Immanuel Velikovsky (pada konferensi American Association for the Advancement of Science tahun 1974 di San Francisco
Lahir	(1895-06-10)10 Juni 1895 Vitebsk, Russian Empire (sekarang Belarus)
Meninggal	17 November 1979(1979-11-17) (umur 84) Princeton, New Jersey

Immanuel Velikovsky (bahasa Rusia: Иммануи́л Велико́вский) (10 June [K.J.: 29 May] 1895 – 17 November 1979) adalah seorang psikiater dan sarjana berkebangsaan Yahudi-Rusia, terkenal sebagai pengarang sejumlah buku kontroversial yang memberikan tafsiran berbeda tentang sejarah purba, khususnya Worlds in Collision (Dunia dalam Tabrakan), terbit tahun 1950.^[1] Ia berperan penting dalam pendirian Hebrew University of Jerusalem di Israel, dan dihormati sebagai seorang psikiater dan psikoanalis.

Buku-bukunya menggunakan mitologi komparatif dan sumber-sumber sastra kuno (termasuk Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen) untuk berargumen bahwa Bumi mengalami sejumlah bencana katastropik karena pernah berdekatan dengan planet-planet lain (terutama Venus dan Mars) pada zaman purba. Astronom Britania Victor Clube dan Bill Napier menggolongkan Velikovsky di antara katastrofis termasuk Hans Bellamy, Ignatius Donnelly, dan Johann Gottlieb Radlof,^[2] dengan catatan "... Velikovsky bukanlah katastrofis baru yang pertama ...; ia merupakan yang terakhir dari rangkaian katastrofis tradisional yang bermula dari zaman pertengahan dan mungkin lebih awal lagi."^[3] Velikovsky berargumen bahwa efek electromagnetik berperan penting dalam mekanik semesta (selestial). Ia juga mengusulkan revisi kronologi Mesir kuno, Yunani kuno, Tanah Israel dan kebudayaan lain di kawasan Timur Dekat. Kronologi baru itu dimaksudkan untuk menjelaskan apa yang disebut sebagai "Zaman kegelapan Yunani" di wilayah timur Laut Tengah (~ 1100 – 750 SM) dan mencocokkan sejarah Alkitab dengan arkeologi dan kronologi Mesir kuno.

Buku karya Velikovsky

Diterbitkan oleh The Macmillan Company:

• Worlds in Collision (1950) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-11-4)

Diterbitkan oleh Doubleday:

• Worlds in Collision (1950) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-11-4)
• Ages in Chaos (1952) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-13-8)
• Earth In Upheaval (1955) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-12-1)
• Oedipus and Akhnaton (1960)
• Peoples of the Sea (1977) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-15-2)
• Ramses II and His Time (1978) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-14-5)
• Mankind in Amnesia (1982) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-16-9)

Diterbitkan oleh William Morrow:

• Stargazers and Gravediggers (1983) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-17-6)

Diterbitkan di Israel:

• The Dark Age of Greece^[4]

Referensi

Sumber pustaka

• Abell, George O. (1981). Scientists and Velikovsky, in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
• Allan, D.S. and J.B. Delair (1995). When The Earth Nearly Died. Gateway Books, UK. published in US as Cataclysm by Bear & Co, 1997. A précis is here. (When the Earth Nearly Died Diarsipkan 2010-11-23 di Wayback Machine. Knowledge.co.uk)
• Bauer, Henry H. (1980). Passions and Purposes: A Perspective, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 28-31. Reprinted in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
• Bauer, Henry H. (1984, paperback ed. 1999). Beyond Velikovsky. The History of a Public Controversy. University of Illinois, Urbana.
• Bauer, Henry H. (1995). Velikovsky's place in the history of science: A lesson on the strengths and limitations of science. Skeptic 3 (4), 52-56. Homestead.com
• Robert Todd Carroll (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-27242-6. Pages 396-401.
• Alfred de Grazia, Ralph E. Juergens, Stecchini L.C. (Eds.) (1978). The Velikovsky Affair — Scientism versus Science. 2ed., Metron Publications, Princeton, New Jersey. Also online.
• Dolby, R. G. A. (1975). What Can We Usefully Learn from the Velikovsky Affair. Social Studies of Science 5, 165-75; revised as On Schools of Thought, S.I.S. Review 1976; I(3), 26-30.
• Forrest, Bob (1981). Velikovsky's Sources. In six volumes, with Notes and Index Volume. Privately published by the author, Manchester.
• Forrest, Robert (1983). Venus and Velikovsky: The Original Sources, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 8, #2, Winter 1983-1984, 154-164.
• Forrest, Bob (1987). Guide to Velikovsky's Sources. Stonehenge Viewpoint, Santa Barbara.
• Frazier, Kendrick (1980). The Distortions Continue, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 32-38. Reprinted in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
• Gardner, Martin (1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, chapter 3, Dover ISBN 0-486-20394-8
• Ginenthal, Charles (1990). Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky Diarsipkan 2007-07-10 di Wayback Machine.. Ivy Press, New York (ISBN 0-9639759-0-0)
• Ginenthal, Charles (1996). Stephen Jay Gould and Immanuel Velikovsky, Ivy Press Books.
• Goldsmith, Donald, (Ed.) (1977) Scientists Confront Velikovsky. Norton. Proceedings of a symposium at the 1974 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
• Gordin, Michael D. (2012). The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30442-6. 
• Greenberg, Lewis M. (1986), Scientists Confront Scientists Who Confront Velikovsky (edisi ke-2nd printing), Glassboro, N.J.: Kronos Press, ISBN 978-0-917994-06-7  Parameter |published= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan). This book isKronos, IV (2), 1978  Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan) with a different cover. (see also Scientists Confront Scientists Who Confront Velikovsky)
• Marriott, David (2004) The Velikovsky Inheritance, Vanguard Press, 2006, ISBN 1-84386-121-6, ISBN 978-1-84386-121-8.
• Miller, Alice (1977). Index to the Works of Immanuel Velikovsky. Glassboro State College, Glassboro. ISBN 0-917994-07-8
• Oberg, James (1980). Ideas in Collision, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 20-27. Reprinted in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
• Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1952). Worlds in Collision, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol 96, Oct. 15, 1952.
• Pensée. 1972-1975. Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered. I – X. Student Academic Freedon Forum, Portland.
• Ransom, C.J. (1976) The Age of Velikovsky. Delta, New York. ISBN 0-440-50323-X
• Philip Plait (2002). Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax", John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-40976-6. Chapter 18.
• Rohl, David (1996) A Test of Time. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-941656-5, ISBN 978-0-09-941656-2
• Sagan, Carl, (1979) Broca's Brain. Random House. Reissued 1986 by Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-33689-5. Reprinted as chapter 15 of Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural, edited by George O. Abell and Barry Singer, Scribners, 1981. Chapter 7 in Broca's Brain, "Venus and Dr. Velikovsky", is a corrected and slightly revised version of "An Analysis of Worlds in Collision," which originally appeared in Scientists Confront Velikovsky.
• Schadewald, Robert (2008). Worlds of Their Own — A Brief History of Misguided Ideas: Creationism, Flat-Earthism, Energy Scams, and the Velikovsky Affair, Xlibris, ISBN 978-1-4363-0435-1, Part I.
• Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): ABA - The Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky, Paradigma (new revised edition). ISBN 978-1-906833-20-6
• Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): Immanuel Velikovsky - The Truth Behind the Torment, Paradigma (new revised edition). ISBN 978-1-906833-21-3
• Editors of Pensée. (1976) Velikovsky Reconsidered. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-03118-1

Pranala luar

Karya Velikovsky yang tersedia online

• The Velikovsky Archive — an online collection of works, including unpublished manuscripts, audio recordings of lectures, and a video of the 1972 CBC documentary

Situs mengenai Velikovsky

• The Velikovsky Encyclopedia
• www.velikovsky.org
• Shade Tree Physics - Velikovsky Pages Diarsipkan 2009-02-14 di Wayback Machine.
• (Inggris) Karya atau profil mengenai Immanuel Velikovsky di perpustakaan (katalog WorldCat)

Organisasi yang mendukung karya Velikovsky

• Aeon: The Journal of Myth and Science
• Kronia
• Kronos Press
• Society for Interdisciplinary Studies
• The Velikovskian, A Journal of Myth, History and Science

Kritikan terhadap Velikovsky

• Jerry Pournelle's commentaries on Sagan's arguments at the AAAS meeting.
• Velikovsky in Collision Diarsipkan 2018-12-27 di Wayback Machine. — Stephen Jay Gould
• Ellenberger, Leroy (1995), "An Antidote to Velikovskian Delusions", Skeptic, 3 (4), diakses tanggal 2007-07-19  (Linked on-line copy has some additions by Ellenberger to the article as originally published.)
• A lesson from Velikovsky — Leroy Ellenberger
• "Top Ten Reasons Why Velikovsky is Wrong About Worlds in Collision" — Leroy Ellenberger
• Mewhinney, Sean (1986), "El-Arish Revisited", Kronos, XI (2): 41–61 
• Abraham Sachs' address at Brown University 1965 on cuneiform sources
• Answer to Sachs Explaining Velikovsky's attitude.