Salted fish

Fish preserved or cured with salt

Salted fish, such as kippered herring or dried and salted cod, is fish cured with dry salt and thus preserved for later eating. Drying or salting, either with dry salt or with brine, was the only widely available method of preserving fish until the 19th century. Dried fish and salted fish (or fish both dried and salted) are a staple of diets in the Caribbean, West Africa, North Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Scandinavia, parts of Canada including Newfoundland, coastal Russia, and in the Arctic. Like other salt-cured meats, it provides preserved animal protein even in the absence of refrigeration.

Method

Various salted fish sold in a marketplace in a suburb of Jakarta, Indonesia

Salting is the preservation of food with dry edible salt.^[1] It is related to pickling (preparing food with brine, i.e. salty water), and is one of the oldest methods of preserving food.^[1] Salt inhibits the growth of microorganisms by drawing water out of microbial cells through osmosis. Concentrations of salt up to 20% are required to kill most species of unwanted bacteria. Smoking, often used in the process of curing meat, adds chemicals to the surface of meat that reduce the concentration of salt required. Salting is used because most bacteria, fungi and other potentially pathogenic organisms cannot survive in a highly salty environment, due to the hypertonic nature of salt. Any living cell in such an environment will become dehydrated through osmosis and die or become temporarily inactivated.

The water activity, a_w, in a fish is defined as the ratio of the water vapour pressure in the flesh of the fish to the vapour pressure of pure water at the same temperature and pressure. It ranges between 0 and 1, and is a parameter that measures how available the water is in the flesh of the fish. Available water is necessary for the microbial and enzymatic reactions involved in spoilage. There are a number of techniques that have been or are used to tie up the available water or remove it by reducing the a_w. Traditionally, techniques such as drying, salting and smoking have been used, and have been used for thousands of years. In more recent times, freeze-drying, water binding humectants, and fully automated equipment with temperature and humidity control have been added. Often a combination of these techniques is used.^[2]

Health effects

The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) and World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF) have stated that there is strong evidence obtained mostly from Asia that consuming salted fish increases risk of stomach cancer and consuming Cantonese-style salted fish increases risk of nasopharyngeal cancer.^[3]^[4] The International Agency for Research on Cancer classify salted fish (Chinese-style) as a Group 1 carcinogen.^[5]^[6]

Gallery

Platforms, called fish flakes, where cod dry in the sun before being packed in salt
Remains of Roman fish-salting plant at Neapolis
Drying salted fish at Malpe Harbour
Salt fish dip at Jakarta
Ruins of the Port Eynon Salt House, where seawater was boiled to extract salt for preserving fish
Egyptians bringing in fish and splitting them for salting
Salted dried butterfish in Chinese food store at Yuen Long, Hong Kong
Fish in a salt crust
Fish cellars at Church Cove, England, used for pressing salted pilchards into barrels for storage and export to the continent
Salt cabin, a small building where fish is salted, in Koserow, Germany
Dried fish in a market in Odisha

Notes

^ ^a ^b "Historical Origins of Food Preservation." University of Georgia, National Center for Home Food Preservation. Accessed Mat 2012.
^ FAO: Preservation techniques Fisheries and aquaculture department, Rome. Updated 27 May 2005.
^ "Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: A Global Perspective". wcrf.org. Retrieved 14 February 2023. "There is strong evidence, mostly from Asia, that consuming foods preserved by salting (including salt-preserved vegetables, fish and salt-preserved foods in general) is a cause of stomach cancer."
^ "Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer". wcrf.org. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
^ "Known and Probable Human Carcinogens". cancer.org. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
^ "Agents classified by the IARC Monographs". monographs.iarc.who.int. Retrieved 14 February 2023.