Miocochilius

Miocochilius Temporal range: Mid Miocene (Laventan) ~13.8–11.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Reconstructed skeleton of Miocochilius anomopodus. Exhibit in the Museo Paleontológico José Royo y Gómez, Bogotá, Colombia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Notoungulata
Family:	†Interatheriidae
Subfamily:	†Interatheriinae
Genus:	†Miocochilius Stirton 1953
Type species
†Miocochilius anamopodus Stirton 1953
Species
M. anomopodus Stirton 1953 (type) M. federicoi Croft 2007

Miocochilius is an extinct genus of small notoungulate mammals (typotheres) native to South America. The genus lived during the Middle Miocene epoch (Laventan in the SALMA classification). The genus contains two described species, the type species M. anomopodus described in 1953 by Ruben Arthur Stirton and M. federicoi, described and included in the genus by Darin A. Croft.

Fossils of Miocochilius have been found at the Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colombia, where it is the most abundant mammal, the Honda Group of Bolivia (M. federicoi) and the Ipururo Formation in the Ucayali Basin of Peru. The typothere lived alongside a rich faunal assemblage comprising many other mammals, crocodylians, turtles and lizards.

Description

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Miocochilius fossils in South America
Colombia (M. anapomodus)
Peru (M. anapomodus)
Bolivia (M. federicoi)

The genus Miocochilius was first described by Ruben Arthur Stirton in 1953, based on a nearly complete and numerous incomplete skeletons found in the Honda Group of Colombia.^[1][2] The type species was named M. anomopodus. More fossils of this species were found at La Venta and in the Ipururo Formation in Peru.^[3]

The holotype specimen of the small typothere, a cursorial insectivore, had a cerebral hemisphere length of 38 millimetres (1.5 in), canines of 5.5 by 3.0 millimetres (0.22 in × 0.12 in) and a cheekbone of 43.0 by 6.0 millimetres (1.69 in × 0.24 in). The premaxilla measured 6.0 millimetres (0.24 in).^[3]

A second species, M. federicoi, was described by Darin A. Croft in 2007 based on a maxilla found in the Honda Group of Bolivia.^[4] The species epithet refers to Federico Anaya, a scientist and field collector who has been instrumental in advancing vertebrate paleontology in Bolivia. M. federicoi differs from Eopachyrucos, Santiagorothia, Proargyrohyrax, Archaeophylus and Progaleopithecus in having extremely high crowned teeth. The described species is differentiated from the Chasicoan to Colloncuran genus Protypotherium in having more open lingual enamel folds, variable presence of small median lobe on upper molars, and molars with more rounded distal lobes. The species also is different than Argyrohyrax in the absence of fossettes on the upper molars. Compared to Cochilius and the Colloncuran Interatherium, Miocochilius federicoi has a longer, low skull.^[5] The author inclined to describe the specimen as a separate genus, but finally included the species in Miocochilius.^[6]

Paleoecology

Miocochilius shared its habitat with many other mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The Colombian specimens were found in fluvial claystones of the "Monkey Unit", El Líbano sands and clays, San Nicolas Unit, Upper Red Bed and the Baraya Volcanic Member of the Villavieja Formation and the Cerro Gordo Member of the La Victoria Formation of the Honda Group. Fossils of Miocochilius, the most abundant mammal at La Venta,^[5] were found alongside the primates Mohanamico hershkovitzi, Neosaimiri fieldsi and Stirtonia tatacoensis, the rodents Scleromys colombianus, S. schurmanni, Drytomomys aequatorialis, Neoreomys huilensis, Eodolichotis maddeni, Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana, Prodolichotis guerreroi and P. pridiana, the ant eater Neotamandua borealis, the bat Notonycteris magdalenensis, the pampatheriid Scirrotherium hondaensis, other notoungulates Pericotoxodon platignathus, Huilatherium pluripicatum, the sea cow Potamosiren magdalenensis, the sparassodonts Hondadelphys fieldsi and Lycopsis longirostrus, the litoptern Megadolodus molariformis and the ground sloth Magdalenabradys confusum. The assemblage also contained the crocodylians Purussaurus neivensis and Charactosuchus fieldsi, the caiman lizard Dracaena colombiana, and the turtles Geochelone and Podocnemis pritchardi.^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]}

The fossils belong to the Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi-Granastrapotherium snorki assemblage at La Venta.^[15] Based on vegetational and grazer diversity analysis of the La Venta fauna, it has been suggested the ecosystem resembled more that of Africa and Asia than of the modern Neotropics.^[16]

The Peruvian specimen was collected in a conglomerate, deposited in a storm-dominated coastal to fluvial environment, alternatively described as lacustrine and paludal,^[17] at the Fitzcarrald Arch in the Ucayali River basin of Amazonian Peru.^[18] Other mammals found in the same location were the toxodont Pericotoxodon cf. platignathus, glyptodonts Boreostemma and Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis, the ground sloth Urumacotherium and rodent Drytomomys cf. aequatorialis.^[19]

The Bolivian species M. federicoi was discovered in fluvial silty claystones of the Honda Group, dated on the basis of ⁴⁰K/⁴⁰Ar analysis at 12.83 ± 0.11 Ma and 11.96 ± 0.11 Ma. The fossil was accompanied by a large variety of rodents, sparassodonts, litopterns, notoungulates and the glyptodonts Hapalops angustipalatus, Hiskatherium saintandrei and Propalaehoplophorus andinus.^[20] In total, 30 different genera of mammals are described from the Quebrada Honda fauna, while 68 genera were described at La Venta.^[21][22]

See also

• Allalmeia
• Campanorco
• Interatherium
• Protypotherium

References

Bibliography

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; M. Alejandra Abello; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Patrice Baby; Guillaume Billet; Myriam Boivin; Ysabel Calderón, and Adriana Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2018-09-30.
• Castro Medina, Walter Fidel. 2010. Geología, informe temático. Proyecto Zonificación Ecológica y Económica del departamento de Amazonas, 1–76. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP). Accessed 2018-09-30.
• Croft, Darin A. 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303. Accessed 2018-09-30.
• Goillot, Cyrielle; Pierre-Olivier Antoine; Julia Tejada; François Pujos, and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2011. Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America. Geodiversitas 33. 331–345. Accessed 2018-09-30.
• Kay, Richard F., and Richard H. Madden. 1997. Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America). Journal of Human Evolution 32. 161–199. Accessed 2018-09-30.
• Stirton, R.A. 1953. A new genus of interatheres from the Miocene of Colombia. California University Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin 29. 265–347. Accessed 2018-09-30.

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Genera of South American native ungulates

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Mammalia
• Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Xenungulata, Pyrotheria, Astrapotheria, and other minor groups
†Kollpaniidae? Andinodus Molinodus Pucanodus Simoclaenus Tiuclaenus †Didolodontidae Didolodus Enneoconus Ernestokokenia Escribania? Lamegoia Paulogervaisia Raulvaccia Ricardocifellia Saltaodus Umayodus †Xenungulata †Carodniidae Carodnia Etayoa Notoetayoa Rodcania †Pyrotheria †Colombitheriidae Colombitherium Proticia †Pyrotheriidae Baguatherium Berracotherium Carolozittelia Griphodon Propyrotherium Pyrotherium †Astrapotheria Eoastrapostylops †Trigonostylopidae Shecenia Tetragonostylops Trigonostylops †Astrapotheriidae Antarctodon Astrapodon Comahuetherium Liarthrus Maddenia Parastrapotherium †Albertogaudryinae Albertogaudrya Astraponotus †Astrapotheriinae Astrapothericulus Astrapotherium Scaglia †Uruguaytheriinae Granastrapotherium Hilarcotherium Uruguaytherium Xenastrapotherium

Litopterna
†Litopterna †Protolipternidae Asmithwoodwardia Miguelsoria Protolipterna †Amilnedwardsiidae Amilnedwardsia Ernestohaeckelia Rutimeyeria †Sparnotheriodontidae Notiolofos Phoradiadius Sparnotheriodon Victorlemoinea †Indaleciidae Adiantoides Indalecia †Notonychopidae Notonychops Requisia †Lopholipterna †Adianthidae Adianthus Proadiantus Proectocion? Proheptaconus Thadanius Tricoelodus †Macraucheniidae Polymorphis †Cramaucheniinae Caliphrium Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia Oxyodontherium Paranauchenia Promacrauchenia Scalabrinitherium Windhausenia Xenorhinotherium †Proterotheriidae Mesolicaphrium Neodolodus Olisanophus Promylophis Pseudobrachytherium †Anisolambdinae Anisolambda Eolicaphrium Guilielmofloweria Heteroglyphis Lambdaconops Paranisolambda Protheosodon †Proterotheriinae Anisolophus Brachytherium Diadiaphorus Diplasiotherium Eoauchenia Epecuenia Epitherium Lambdaconus Neobrachytherium Neolicaphrium Paramacrauchenia Picturotherium Prolicaphrium Proterotherium Tetramerorhinus Thoatheriopsis Thoatherium Uruguayodon Villarroelia †Megadolodinae Bounodus Megadolodus Uncertain placement Kyraodus Proacrodon Salladolodus Xesmodon Wainka

Notoungulata
incertae sedis Acoelodus Archaeogaia Carolodarwinia Perutherium †Notioprogonia Satshatemnus Seudenius †Henricosborniidae Henricosbornia Nanolophodon Othnielmarshia Peripantostylops Simpsonotus †Notostylopidae Boreastylops Chilestylops Edvardotrouessartia Homalostylops Notostylops Otrhonia Parastylops †Toxodontia †Homalodotheriidae Asmodeus Chasicotherium Homalodotherium Trigonolophodon †Isotemnidae Anisotemnus Coelostylodon Distylophorus Hedralophus Isotemnus Lophocoelus Pampatemnus Periphragnis Pleurocoelodon Pleurostylodon Rhyphodon Thomashuxleya †Eutoxodontia †Leontiniidae Anayatherium Ancylocoelus Colpodon Coquenia Elmerriggsia Gualta Henricofilholia Huilatherium Leontinia Martinmiguelia Purperia? Scarrittia Taubatherium Termastherium †Notohippidae Acoelohyrax Argyrohippus Deuterotherium? Edvardocopeia Eomorphippus Eurygenium Mendozahippus Moqueguahippus Morphippus Nesohippus Notohippus Pampahippus Pascualihippus Patagonhippus Perhippidion Plexotemnus Puelia Purperia? Rhynchippus Rosendo Stilhippus Teushentherium Trimerostephanos †Toxodontidae †Nesodontinae Adinotherium Nesodon Proadinotherium †Toxodontinae Abothrodon Andinotoxodon Calchaquitherium Ceratoxodon Charruatoxodon Dinotoxodon Eutomodus Falcontoxodon Gyrinodon Haplodontherium Hemixotodon Hoffstetterius Hyperoxotodon Mesenodon Mesotoxodon Minitoxodon Mixotoxodon Neoadinotherium Neotoxodon Nesodonopsis Nonotherium Ocnerotherium Palyeidodon Paratrigodon Pericotoxodon Piauhytherium Pisanodon Plesiotoxodon Posnanskytherium Prototrigodon Stenotephanos Stereotoxodon Toxodon Toxodontherium Trigodon Trigodonops Xotodon †Typotheria Campanorco Griphotherion †Archaeopithecidae Archaeopithecus Teratopithecus †Oldfieldthomasiidae Allalmeia Brachystephanus Camargomendesia Colbertia Dolichostylodon Itaboraitherium Kibenikhoria Maxschlosseria Oldfieldthomasia Paginula Suniodon Tsamnichoria Ultrapithecus Xenostephanus †Interatheriidae Antofagastia Ignigena Johnbell Munizia Punapithecus †Interatheriinae Archaeophylus Argyrohyrax Boleatherium Brucemacfaddenia Caenophilus Choichephilum Cochilius Eopachyrucos Federicoanaya Interatherium Juchuysillu Miocochilius Neoicochilus Patriarchus Proargyrohyrax Progaleopithecus Protypotherium Santiagorothia †Notopithecinae Antepithecus Guilielmoscottia Notopithecus Transpithecus †Mesotheriidae Fiandraia? Trachytherus †Mesotheriinae Altitypotherium Caraguatypotherium Eotypotherium Eutypotherium Hypsitherium Mesotherium Microtypotherium Plesiotypotherium Pseudotypotherium Rusconitherium Typotheriopsis †Archaeohyracidae Archaeohyrax Archaeotypotherium Bryanpattersonia Eohyrax Pascualhyrax Protarchaeohyrax Pseudhyrax Punahyrax †Hegetotheriidae †Hegetotheriinae Ethegotherium Hegetotheriopsis Hegetotherium Hemihegetotherium Prohegetotherium Pseudohegetotherium Sallatherium †Pachyrukhinae Medistylus Propachyrucos Prosotherium Tremacyllus †Pachyrukhini Pachyrukhos Paedotherium Tremacyllus