Hanbi

Mesopotamian god of evil

Ancient Mesopotamian religion
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In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology (and Mesopotamian mythology in general) Hanbi or Hanpa (more commonly known in western text) was the lord of evil, lord of all evil forces (udug) and the father of Pazuzu.^[1] He was a member of the udug. The udug (Sumerian: 𒌜), later known in Akkadian as the utukku, were an ambiguous class of demons from ancient Mesopotamian mythology. They were different from the dingir (Anu-nna-Ki and Igigi) and they were generally malicious, even if a member of demons (Pazuzu) was willing to clash both with other demons and with the gods, even if he is described as a presence hostile to humans. The word is generally ambiguous and is sometimes used to refer to demons as a whole rather than a specific kind of demon. No visual representations of the udug have yet been identified, but descriptions of it ascribe to it features often given to other ancient Mesopotamian demons: a dark shadow, absence of light surrounding it, poison, and a deafening voice. The surviving ancient Mesopotamian texts giving instructions for exorcizing the evil udug are known as the Udug Hul texts. These texts emphasize the evil udug's role in causing disease and the exorcist's role in curing the disease. Aside from his relationship with Pazuzu, very little is known of this figure.^[2]^{[failed verification]}

References

   Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, ISBN 978-0292707948
   Cunningham, Graham (2007) [1997], Deliver Me from Evil: Mesopotamian Incantations, 2500-1500 BC, Studia Pohl: Series Maior, vol. 17, Rome, Italy: Etrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, ISBN 978-88-7653-608-3
   Geller, Markham J. (2016), Healing Magic and Evil Demons: Canonical Udug-hul Incantations, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-1-5015-0015-2
   Konstantopoulos, Gina (2017), "Shifting Alignments: The Dichotomy of Benevolent and Malevolent Demons in Mesopotamia", in Bhayro, Siam; Rider, Catharine (eds.), Demons and Illness from Antiquity to the Early-Modern Period, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Koninklijke Brill, pp. 19–38, ISBN 978-90-04-33854-8
   Ornan, Tally (2005), The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban, Orbus Biblical et Orientalis, vol. 213, Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press Fribourg and Vandenhoek & Ruprecht Gottingen, ISBN 978-3-7278-1519-5
   Romis, Sara (2018), "A Demonic Servant in Riv Papa's Household: Demons as Subjects in the Mesopotamian Talmud", in Herman, Geoffrey; Rubenstein, Jeffrey L. (eds.), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World, Providence, Rhode Island: Brown Judaic Studies, ISBN 978-194-652710-3

Bane, Theresa (2014-01-10). Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures. McFarland. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7864-8894-0. Sumerian Deities". Sarissa.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2010-09-12. Stub icon

Simon, Ed (2022-02-22). "Chapter 1". Pandemonium: A Visual History of Demonology. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-64700-389-0.

Lambert, Wilfred George (1970). "Inscribed Pazuzu Heads from Babylon". Forschungen und Berichte. 12: 41–T4. doi:10.2307/3880639. JSTOR 3880639. Wiggermann, p. 372. Wiggermann, p. 373. Maiden 2018, p. 109. Maiden 2018, p. 99. Maiden 2018, p. 100. Heeßel 2011, p. 358. Heeßel 2011, p. 359. Wiggermann, p. 374. Heeßel 2011, p. 361. Wiggermann 2007. "Pendant with the head of Pazuzu". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2022-05-06. Heeßel 2011, p. 362. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 273. Maiden 2018, p. 106. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 272. Maiden 2018, p. 88. Niederreiter 2018. Noegel 2018. Horowitz, Wayne (2010). A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnick Westenholz. CSIC Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-8400091330. Maiden 2018, p. 87. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 274. El-Kilany 2017, p. 1. El-Kilany 2017, p. 2. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 284. El-Kilany 2017, p. 3. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 285. Heeßel 2011, p. 366. "Statuette of the demon Pazuzu with an inscription". Louvre website. Archived from the original on 2009-06-28. Retrieved 2010-05-18. "Pazuzu". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-11-24. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 275. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 276. Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic 2019, p. 277. Guiley, Rosemary (2009). The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology. Infobase Publishing. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4381-3191-7.Verderame, Lorenzo (2020). 'Evil from an Ancient Past and the Archaeology of the Beyond: An Analysis of the Movies The Exorcist (1973) and The Evil Dead (1981)', in L. Verderame and A. Garcia-Ventura (eds) Receptions of the Ancient Near East in Popular Culture and Beyond. Lockwood Press. pp. 159–179. ISBN 978-1-948488-24-2. Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980), "Kilili", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-05-17 Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. ISBN 978-90-04-13024-1. OCLC 51944564. Finkel, Irving L. (2021). The first ghosts : most ancient of legacies. London. ISBN 978-1-5293-0326-1. OCLC 1090201481. Wiggermann, Frans (2011-01-01). "The Mesopotamian Pandemonium". SMSR 77/2. Retrieved 2022-05-17. Wiggermann, Frans (2007). "Some Demons of Time and their Functions in Mesopotamian Iconography". In Groneberg, Brigitte; Spieckermann, Hermann (eds.). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 102–116. doi:10.1515/9783110204155.1.102. ISBN 978-3-11-019463-0. ISSN 0934-2575. This name is commonly translated as "exterminator" or "obliterating one" due to being most likely derived from the Akkadian verb pašāṭum, "to erase".[8] In another lexical list its Sumerian equivalent is KA-im-ma.[9] While the being designated by this name could be regarded as a demon, she belonged to the category of demonic animals, possibly representing a demonized owl.[11] Frans Wiggermann argues this likely indicates Lamashtu was also regarded as a lil, as Pazuzu was believed to have power over her.[16] However, Eric Schmidtchen notes it can be argued that in standardized lists of demons they are divided in three groups, utukku, lil and KAMAD.[17] The last of them is distinct from the lil and encompasses Lamashtu and related figures like aḫḫazu and labāṣu.[18]

^ Bane, Theresa (2014-01-10). Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures. McFarland. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7864-8894-0.
^ "Sumerian Deities". Sarissa.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2010-09-12.