1995 Chicago mayoral election

1995 Chicago mayoral election
← 1991 April 4, 1995 1999 →
Turnout42.25%[1] Decrease 2.75 pp
 
Candidate Richard M. Daley Roland Burris
Party Democratic Independent
Popular vote 359,466 217,024
Percentage 60.09% 36.28%
Results by ward
Mayor before election

Richard M. Daley
Democratic

Elected Mayor

Richard M. Daley
Democratic

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The Chicago mayoral election of 1995 resulted in the re-election of Democratic Party nominee incumbent Richard M. Daley over independent candidate Roland Burris, with 359,466 votes to Burris's 217,024. Daley won 60.1% of the total vote, winning by a landslide 24-point margin. The Republican candidate, Raymond Wardingley, fared poorly with only 2.8% of the vote. A fourth-place candidate, Harold Washington Party nominee Lawrence Redmond, won 0.9% of the votes.[2]

This was the last election for Mayor of Chicago where candidates ran under party labels, as a state law was enacted later in 1995 making all municipal offices in the state non-partisan.[3]

The Democratic Party, Republican Party, and the Harold Washington Party all held primary elections for their nominations. However, only the Democratic Party's primary saw a sizeable number of voters participate. Daley easily defeated Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago Commissioner Joseph E. Gardiner by a margin of more that 30 points. Wardingley, a perennial candidate and clown, very narrowly won the Republican nomination among a weak field of contenders. Redmond was unopposed for the Harold Washington Party primary.

Nominations

Democratic primary

Daley easily defeated two challengers in the primary.

Daley's primary challenge came from Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago Commissioner Joseph E. Gardner. Gardner had been a high-ranking member of Harold Washington's mayoral administration and an executive at PUSH.[4] By 1995, Sheila A. Jones had become a perennial competitor in the Democratic mayoral primary.

As was the case in all of his reelection campaigns, Daley did not attend any debates.[5]

Daley vastly out-raised his opponents in campaign funds.[6]

Endorsements

Richard M. Daley
Officeholders
Individuals
  • Clay Evans, pastor[6]

Results

Map of the Democratic primary by ward
Democratic primary results[7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard M. Daley (incumbent) 348,153 65.79
Democratic Joseph E. Gardner 174,943 33.06
Democratic Sheila A. Jones 6,067 1.15
Total votes 529,163

Daley won a majority of the vote in 31 wards.[7] Gardner won a majority of the vote in the remaining 19 wards.[7]

Results by ward[7]
Ward Richard M. Daley Joseph E. Gardner Sheila A. Jones Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes
1 5,459 80.3% 1,231 18.1% 111 1.6% 6,801
2 3,582 37.2% 5,814 60.4% 228 2.4% 9,624
3 2,194 24.6% 6,498 73.0% 210 2.4% 8,902
4 3,563 32.9% 7,093 65.5% 176 1.6% 10,832
5 3,733 34.0% 7,124 64.8% 136 1.2% 10,993
6 3,287 22.7% 11,082 76.4% 143 1.0% 14,512
7 2,891 28.5% 7,109 70.1% 146 1.4% 10,146
8 3,775 24.5% 11,484 74.5% 165 1.1% 15,424
9 2,252 21.2% 8,264 77.7% 122 1.1% 10,638
10 9,979 85.6% 1,565 13.4% 116 1.0% 11,660
11 14,571 95.8% 561 3.7% 84 0.6% 15,216
12 4,306 92.1% 314 6.7% 56 1.2% 4,676
13 19,414 96.3% 653 3.2% 96 0.5% 20,163
14 10,270 95.7% 405 3.8% 62 0.6% 10,737
15 2,581 32.8% 5,144 65.5% 132 1.7% 7,857
16 2,383 35.6% 4,144 62.0% 161 2.4% 6,688
17 2,323 23.4% 7,463 75.1% 150 1.5% 9,936
18 11,731 62.7% 6,816 36.4% 163 0.9% 18,710
19 16,192 85.5% 2,655 14.0% 83 0.4% 18,930
20 2,371 25.4% 6,835 73.1% 140 1.5% 9,346
21 3,250 22.7% 10,889 76.1% 162 1.1% 14,301
22 3,733 69.0% 1,597 29.5% 80 1.5% 5,410
23 20,287 94.6% 1,000 4.7% 164 0.8% 21,451
24 2,149 24.8% 6,330 72.9% 199 2.3% 8,678
25 4,828 87.5% 618 11.2% 69 1.3% 5,515
26 5,404 83.4% 979 15.1% 98 1.5% 6,481
27 3,806 42.9% 4,898 55.2% 168 1.9% 8,872
28 1,871 24.0% 5,780 74.3% 130 1.7% 7,781
29 3,240 36.2% 5,525 61.8% 182 2.0% 8,947
30 9,090 94.1% 481 5.0% 86 0.9% 9,657
31 5,533 89.7% 574 9.3% 59 1.0% 6,166
32 7,381 88.1% 914 10.9% 87 1.0% 8,382
33 6,673 91.2% 572 7.8% 74 1.0% 7,319
34 2,947 23.3% 9,472 74.9% 223 1.8% 12,642
35 6,365 84.7% 1,043 13.9% 106 1.4% 7,514
36 12,510 91.6% 1,057 7.7% 84 0.6% 13,651
37 3,191 36.0% 5,533 62.5% 132 1.5% 8,856
38 13,697 94.6% 672 4.6% 106 0.7% 14,475
39 9,748 92.0% 737 7.0% 108 1.0% 10,593
40 6,953 88.0% 871 11.0% 75 0.9% 7,899
41 14,384 92.7% 1,007 6.5% 126 0.8% 15,517
42 9,511 86.3% 1,428 13.0% 82 0.7% 11,021
43 7,525 88.6% 912 10.7% 56 0.7% 8,493
44 6,897 86.8% 986 12.4% 60 0.8% 7,943
45 14,863 93.9% 833 5.3% 127 0.8% 15,823
46 7,119 71.2% 2,680 26.8% 198 2.0% 9,997
47 8,627 88.5% 1,011 10.4% 109 1.1% 9,747
48 5,970 77.2% 1,699 22.0% 65 0.8% 7,734
49 4,105 67.7% 1,858 30.6% 99 1.6% 6,062
50 9,639 92.3% 733 7.0% 73 0.7% 10,445
Total 348,153 65.8% 174,943 33.1% 6,067 1.1% 529,163

Republican primary

Raymond Wardingley narrowly won the Republican nomination.

The Republican field was regarded as weak.[8] Wardingly had worked as a clown under the name "Spanky the Clown".[8] He had thrice before run for mayor.[9]

Candidates Themis Anagost[10] (an attorney),[11] Leon Beard,[12] and Raymond Lear[13][14] had been denied inclusion on the ballot due to issues with their petitions.

Results

Republican primary results[15][16]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Raymond Wardingley 2,438 28.2
Republican Larry P. Horist 2,354 27.2
Republican Saturnino Noriega 1,995 23.1
Republican William J. Grutzmacher 1,579 18.2
Republican Kimball Ladien 288 3.3
Total votes 8,654
Results by ward[15]
Ward Raymond Wardingley Larry P. Horist Saturnino Nino Noriega William J. Grutzmacher Kimball Ladien Total
1 34 30.1% 25 22.1% 30 26.5% 21 18.6% 3 2.7% 113
2 39 24.1% 59 36.4% 39 24.1% 18 11.1% 7 4.3% 162
3 27 58.7% 5 10.9% 7 15.2% 5 10.9% 2 4.3% 46
4 25 34.7% 14 19.4% 23 31.9% 9 12.5% 1 1.4% 72
5 30 30.6% 30 30.6% 25 25.5% 12 12.2% 1 1.0% 98
6 35 46.7% 15 20.0% 14 18.7% 9 12.0% 2 2.7% 75
7 21 33.3% 20 31.7% 14 22.2% 8 12.7% 0 0.0% 63
8 31 35.2% 18 20.5% 27 30.7% 10 11.4% 2 2.3% 88
9 13 35.1% 11 29.7% 9 24.3% 3 8.1% 1 2.7% 37
10 86 25.4% 92 27.2% 66 19.5% 88 26.0% 6 1.8% 338
11 36 27.9% 42 32.6% 23 17.8% 24 18.6% 4 3.1% 129
12 20 29.0% 12 17.4% 22 31.9% 13 18.8% 2 2.9% 69
13 53 26.2% 67 33.2% 37 18.3% 42 20.8% 3 1.5% 202
14 31 22.3% 33 23.7% 37 26.6% 31 22.3% 7 5.0% 139
15 27 42.2% 19 29.7% 13 20.3% 4 6.2% 1 1.6% 64
16 20 41.7% 6 12.5% 11 22.9% 8 16.7% 3 6.2% 48
17 23 40.4% 14 24.6% 16 28.1% 4 7.0% 0 0.0% 57
18 38 29.5% 38 29.5% 26 20.2% 24 18.6% 3 2.3% 129
19 75 33.8% 56 25.2% 38 17.1% 48 21.6% 5 2.3% 222
20 26 38.8% 8 11.9% 23 34.3% 8 11.9% 2 3.0% 67
21 24 38.1% 9 14.3% 14 22.2% 14 22.2% 2 3.2% 63
22 20 32.8% 4 6.6% 28 45.9% 7 11.5% 2 3.3% 61
23 76 31.9% 54 22.7% 47 19.7% 55 23.1% 6 2.5% 238
24 13 43.3% 7 23.3% 6 20.0% 3 10.0% 1 3.3% 30
25 22 25.9% 15 17.6% 37 43.5% 9 10.6% 2 2.4% 85
26 28 29.2% 16 16.7% 36 37.5% 15 15.6% 1 1.0% 96
27 84 38.2% 47 21.4% 55 25.0% 26 11.8% 8 3.6% 220
28 13 30.2% 8 18.6% 15 34.9% 5 11.6% 2 4.7% 43
29 31 33.3% 22 23.7% 26 28.0% 8 8.6% 6 6.5% 93
30 75 30.2% 55 22.2% 61 24.6% 50 20.2% 7 2.8% 248
31 33 25.2% 30 22.9% 45 34.4% 20 15.3% 3 2.3% 131
32 45 23.2% 57 29.4% 48 24.7% 38 19.6% 6 3.1% 194
33 37 23.6% 43 27.4% 35 22.3% 30 19.1% 12 7.6% 157
34 30 46.2% 9 13.8% 20 30.8% 3 4.6% 3 4.6% 65
35 48 27.0% 32 18.0% 54 30.3% 36 20.2% 8 4.5% 178
36 67 25.4% 114 43.2% 33 12.5% 42 15.9% 8 3.0% 264
37 13 31.0% 8 19.0% 16 38.1% 5 11.9% 0 0.0% 42
38 93 28.0% 98 29.5% 49 14.8% 82 24.7% 10 3.0% 332
39 65 26.0% 70 28.0% 56 22.4% 47 18.8% 12 4.8% 250
40 46 22.5% 74 36.3% 46 22.5% 32 15.7% 6 2.9% 204
41 164 23.6% 211 30.4% 122 17.6% 181 26.0% 17 2.4% 695
42 152 24.6% 183 29.6% 158 25.5% 101 16.3% 25 4.0% 619
43 96 28.3% 103 30.4% 78 23.0% 41 12.1% 21 6.2% 339
44 68 23.6% 87 30.2% 71 24.7% 47 16.3% 15 5.2% 288
45 102 27.5% 148 39.9% 46 12.4% 71 19.1% 4 1.1% 371
46 95 32.4% 55 18.8% 76 25.9% 55 18.8% 12 4.1% 293
47 43 20.5% 40 19.0% 59 28.1% 56 26.7% 12 5.7% 210
48 67 24.5% 90 32.8% 64 23.4% 42 15.3% 11 4.0% 274
49 44 24.9% 44 24.9% 48 27.1% 34 19.2% 7 4.0% 177
50 54 30.7% 37 21.0% 46 26.1% 35 19.9% 4 2.3% 176
Total 2,438 28.2% 2,354 27.2% 1,995 23.1% 1,579 18.2% 288 3.3% 8,654

Harold Washington Party primary

Lawrence C. Redmond went unopposed in the Harold Washington Party primary.

Candidates Phillip Morris[17] and Ilene Smith[18] had been denied inclusion on the ballot due to issues regarding their petitions.

Results

Harold Washington Party primary results[19]
Party Candidate Votes %
Harold Washington Lawrence C. Redmond 1,383 100
Total votes 1,383
Results by ward[19]
Ward Lawrence C. Redmond
Votes %
1 12 100.0%
2 44 100.0%
3 39 100.0%
4 54 100.0%
5 38 100.0%
6 52 100.0%
7 80 100.0%
8 68 100.0%
9 63 100.0%
10 9 100.0%
11 3 100.0%
12 2 100.0%
13 3 100.0%
14 6 100.0%
15 64 100.0%
16 39 100.0%
17 58 100.0%
18 49 100.0%
19 30 100.0%
20 45 100.0%
21 75 100.0%
22 6 100.0%
23 2 100.0%
24 42 100.0%
25 6 100.0%
26 14 100.0%
27 59 100.0%
28 35 100.0%
29 36 100.0%
30 4 100.0%
31 3 100.0%
32 3 100.0%
33 5 100.0%
34 78 100.0%
35 13 100.0%
36 2 100.0%
37 78 100.0%
38 0 N/A
39 1 100.0%
40 9 100.0%
41 0 N/A
42 11 100.0%
43 7 100.0%
44 10 100.0%
45 2 100.0%
46 42 100.0%
47 11 100.0%
48 26 100.0%
49 42 100.0%
50 3 100.0%
Totals 1,383 100.0%

Independent candidates

Roland Burris ran as an independent.[20]

When first approached by black activists about running for mayor, Burris had declined. He ultimately ran, proclaiming to have been drafted by “the people”.[21] By the time he decided to run, Joseph Gardner had already challenged Daley in the Democratic primary. Not wanting to run against Gardner and split the black vote in the primary, Burris decided he would run in the general election as an independent candidate.[21]

General election

Daley did not attend any debates.[5] Burris complained of a lack of media coverage on his candidacy.[21] Late into the campaign, Burris issued demands for Daley to address corruption and misconduct by aviation employees, especially Dominic Longo, the manager of vehicle operations at O’Hare. The airport had recently suffered a number of accidents caused by inexperienced runway crew leadership. Burris also alleged that Longo has coerced airport employees into making donations to the Daley campaign in order to keep their jobs.[22] Daley's campaign spent $3 million in the election. Burris spent $250,000.[23]

Endorsements

Richard M. Daley (Democrat)
Officeholders

Polls

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		Ronald
Burris 		Richard M.
Daley 		Raymond
Wardingley
Chicago Tribune[24] March 1995 19% 57% 2%

Results

Daley won a majority of the vote in 31 of the city's 50 wards.[25] Burris won a majority of the vote in the remaining 19 wards.[25] In response to Wardingley's abysmal showing, the Republican-controlled Illinois General Assembly passed legislation creating a nonpartisan, runoff election system for citywide offices in Chicago. Public Act 89-0095 was signed into law by Governor Jim Edgar and went into effect for the 1999 Chicago mayoral election.[26][27]

Mayor of Chicago 1995[28] (general election)
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard M. Daley (incumbent) 359,466 60.09
Independent Roland W. Burris 217,024 36.28
Republican Raymond Wardingley 16,568 2.77
Harold Washington Lawrence C. Redmond 5,160 0.86
Turnout 598,218
Results by ward[25]
Ward Richard M. Daley
(Democratic Party)		 Roland W. Burris
(Independent)		 Raymond Wardingley
(Republican Party)		 Lawrence C. Redmond
(Harold Washington Party)		 Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes
1 6,105 79.0% 1,321 17.1% 188 2.4% 113 1.5% 7,727
2 3,564 30.6% 7,700 66.2% 174 1.5% 193 1.7% 11,631
3 1,974 19.3% 7,915 77.4% 99 1.0% 234 2.3% 10,222
4 3,044 26.7% 8,073 70.9% 106 0.9% 166 1.5% 11,389
5 3,735 27.7% 9,493 70.5% 110 0.8% 136 1.0% 13,474
6 2,644 15.2% 14,502 83.5% 57 0.3% 161 0.9% 17,364
7 2,440 20.3% 9,327 77.8% 93 0.8% 133 1.1% 11,993
8 3,106 17.2% 14,681 81.4% 65 0.4% 174 1.0% 18,026
9 1,874 14.5% 10,888 84.2% 54 0.4% 114 0.9% 12,930
10 11,304 81.3% 1,950 14.0% 585 4.2% 65 0.5% 13,904
11 15,565 94.2% 587 3.6% 331 2.0% 47 0.3% 16,530
12 3,566 91.0% 216 5.5% 107 2.7% 28 0.7% 3,917
13 20,701 92.6% 816 3.7% 794 3.6% 35 0.2% 22,346
14 11,308 93.2% 456 3.8% 329 2.7% 37 0.3% 12,130
15 2,528 26.4% 6,794 70.9% 109 1.1% 147 1.5% 9,578
16 2,301 28.5% 5,541 68.7% 69 0.9% 160 2.0% 8,071
17 1,889 16.1% 9,586 81.7% 68 0.6% 186 1.6% 11,729
18 10,949 54.4% 8,480 42.2% 548 2.7% 132 0.7% 20,109
19 17,149 77.7% 3,582 16.2% 1,293 5.9% 41 0.2% 22,065
20 2,067 20.5% 7,802 77.2% 63 0.6% 174 1.7% 10,106
21 2,620 14.9% 14,686 83.7% 54 0.3% 178 1.0% 17,538
22 2,608 59.2% 1,677 38.1% 59 1.3% 63 1.4% 4,407
23 20,043 90.7% 1,074 4.9% 929 4.2% 52 0.2% 22,098
24 1,621 18.1% 7,090 79.4% 70 0.8% 153 1.7% 8,934
25 4,033 85.1% 558 11.8% 108 2.3% 39 0.8% 4,738
26 4,696 80.2% 906 15.5% 190 3.2% 64 1.1% 5,856
27 4,281 39.4% 6,168 56.8% 220 2.0% 189 1.7% 10,858
28 1,635 17.6% 7,449 80.1% 60 0.6% 161 1.7% 9,305
29 3,377 30.4% 7,393 66.5% 152 1.4% 203 1.8% 11,125
30 11,019 89.3% 731 5.9% 538 4.4% 55 0.4% 12,343
31 4,970 85.7% 575 9.9% 196 3.4% 60 1.0% 5,801
32 8,307 86.3% 875 9.1% 383 4.0% 62 0.6% 9,627
33 7,217 88.2% 611 7.5% 307 3.8% 47 0.6% 8,182
34 2,613 17.2% 12,323 81.2% 82 0.5% 167 1.1% 15,185
35 6,872 82.7% 1,061 12.8% 261 3.1% 117 1.4% 8,311
36 15,021 87.7% 1,402 8.2% 665 3.9% 39 0.2% 17,127
37 2,027 23.2% 6,491 74.2% 79 0.9% 154 1.8% 8,751
38 13,773 90.0% 777 5.1% 717 4.7% 32 0.2% 15,299
39 10,784 87.1% 906 7.3% 614 5.0% 74 0.6% 12,378
40 8,325 85.2% 970 9.9% 412 4.2% 64 0.7% 9,771
41 16,253 85.5% 1,371 7.2% 1,345 7.1% 39 0.2% 19,008
42 10,229 83.0% 1,510 12.3% 515 4.2% 66 0.5% 12,320
43 8,457 86.4% 897 9.2% 394 4.0% 41 0.4% 9,789
44 8,782 86.3% 969 9.5% 352 3.5% 68 0.7% 10,171
45 15,580 89.0% 920 5.3% 949 5.4% 49 0.3% 17,498
46 6,036 69.7% 2,222 25.6% 302 3.5% 104 1.2% 8,664
47 9,384 86.2% 981 9.0% 440 4.0% 76 0.7% 10,881
48 7,172 74.0% 2,066 21.3% 342 3.5% 106 1.1% 9,686
49 4,016 63.8% 1,903 30.3% 260 4.1% 111 1.8% 6,290
50 9,902 89.7% 752 6.8% 331 3.0% 51 0.5% 11,036
Total 359,466 60.1% 217,024 36.3% 16,568 2.8% 5,160 0.9% 598,218

References

  1. ^ Denvir, Daniel (May 22, 2015). "Voter Turnout in U.S. Mayoral Elections Is Pathetic, But It Wasn't Always This Way". Bloomberg. City Lab (The Atlantic). Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  2. ^ "Election Results for 1995 General Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois". Chicago Democracy. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  3. ^ "Our Campaigns - Chicago Mayor Race - Apr 04, 1995". www.OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  4. ^ Heard, Jacquelyn; Fegelman, Andrew (May 17, 1996). "Gardner Loses Fight with Cancer". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Rudin, Ken (February 21, 2007). "Chicago's Long-Running Daley Show". NPR. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Johnson, Dirk (February 26, 1995). "Campaign In Chicago Barely Stirs A Breeze". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d http://chicagodemocracy.org/ElectionResults.jsp?election=crdd_primary%2Cgis_entity_crdd_1995_Primary_Election%2Cil_chi_mayor_dem Election Results for 1995 Primary Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois (Democratic Party)
  8. ^ a b Benzkofer, Mark Jacob, Stephan (March 27, 2015). "10 things you might not know about Chicago mayoral elections". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved February 20, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "RETIRED CLOWN IS MAYORAL NOMINEE OF CHICAGO GOP - The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  10. ^ "State of Illinois, County of Cook, Case No: 95-EB-MUN-006" (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. January 17, 1995.
  11. ^ "Themis Anagnost Obituary (2002) Chicago Tribune". Legacy.com.
  12. ^ "State of Illinois, County of Cook, Case No: 95-EB-MUN-007" (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. January 23, 1995.
  13. ^ "State of Illinois, County of Cook, Case No: 95-EB-MUN-004" (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. January 13, 1995.
  14. ^ "Lord RayEL Raymond Lear Republican Mayor Candidacy FAIL 1995". Wordpress.com. April 5, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  15. ^ a b "Chicago Democracy Project - Election Results". ChicagoDemocracy.org. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  16. ^ "RaceID=388005". Our Campaigns. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  17. ^ "State of Illinois, County of Cook, Case No: 95-EB-MUN-002" (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. January 30, 1995.
  18. ^ "State of Illinois, County of Cook, Case No: 95-EB-MUN-003" (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. January 23, 1995.
  19. ^ a b "Chicago Democracy Project - Election Results". ChicagoDemocracy.org. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  20. ^ "State of Illinois, County of Cook, Case No: 95-EB-IND-1" (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. February 8, 1995.
  21. ^ a b c "Would You Vote for Roland Burris?". Chicago Reader. January 8, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  22. ^ "Media Burn Archive – [1995 Mayoral Election: Tape 3]". Mediaburn.org. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  23. ^ a b "What Makes Roland Run". www.lib.NIU.edu. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  24. ^ Hardy, Thomas (March 30, 1995). "WARDINGLEY STILL BELIEVES DESPITE STAGGERING ODDS". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  25. ^ a b c "Election Results for 1995 General Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois".
  26. ^ Hary, Thomasf (July 7, 1995). "Edgar is Set to End City Partisan Votes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  27. ^ Kim, Anna (February 25, 2019). "Why is Chicago's mayoral election in February? Reform, spoiled by a clown". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  28. ^ "Board of Election Commissioners For the City of Chicago Mayoral Election Results Since 1900 General Elections Only". Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. July 18, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2004. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
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